Figure 1.

Experimental design. During the conditioning phase, three different colored picture frames (red, blue, and green) were presented for 1500 ms, followed by a fixation cross for 3500 ms (±500 ms). 1000 ms after the image offset an electrical shock was applied to the right hand according to the frame's probability (0.2, 0.5, 0.8). In a second phase, participants incidentally encoded images of scenes that were surrounded by these colored cues while making an indoor/outdoor judgment. Again an electrical shock was applied according to the frame's probability. After a delay, memory for the scene images was tested in a modified remember/know recognition task. In experiment 2, conditioning and encoding phase took place in the MRI scanner (see experimental procedures for details). [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com.]