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. 2019 Nov 21;19:213. doi: 10.1186/s12862-019-1529-6

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Abundance of ants and termites, collembola body fossils, phoretic behaviors and clasping organs over time. a Evolution of the percentage Isoptera [orange] and Formicidae [green] among other Hexapoda found from fossil amber and compression-preservation deposits. Based on abundances provided in Engel et al. [35] for Isoptera and Grimaldi & Agosti [36], LaPolla et al. [37] for Formicidae. b Body fossils of Collembola over time c Associations of Collembola onto other organisms over time, including modern cases with slugs, decapods, ants, and termites. Figures represent the number of attached springtail individuals. d Clasping organs described from fossil ambers. Stars = first fossil occurrences; squares = body fossils; frame = case described here. Arthropod silhouettes from PhyloPic [38–41]