Table 5.

Candidate biomarkers for bladder cancer derived from EVs

Source	Methodologies	End point	Type of marker	Markers	Reference
BCC/urine	Ultracentrifugation Flow cytometry In‑gel digestion Mass spectrometry	Diagnosis	Proteins	β1 and α6 integrins, CD36, CD44, CD73, CD10, MUC1, basigin, 5T4	Welton et al107
Urine	Ultracentrifugation	Diagnosis	Proteins	APOA1, CD5L, FGA, FGB, FGG, HPR, HP	Chen et al108
Urine	Differential ultracentrifugation	Diagnosis Prognosis	Proteins	Alpha‐1 antitrypsin, histone H2B1K	Lin et al109
Urine	Differential ultracentrifugation	Diagnosis	Proteins	HEXB, S100A4, SND1	Silvers et al110
BCC/urine	Sucrose/D2O cushion Ultracentrifugation	Diagnosis	Proteins	EDIL‐3	Beckham et al111
Urine	Ultracentrifugation In‑gel digestion Mass spectrometry	Diagnosis	Proteins	Resistin, GTPase NRas, MUC4, EPS8L1, EPS8L2, EHD4, G3BP, RAI3, GSA	Smalley et al112
Urine	Centrifugation Filtration Integrated double‐filtration Microfluidic device	Prognosis	Proteins	CD63 + EV signal intensity	Liang et al113
Urine	Ultracentrifugation	Prognosis	Proteins	Periostin	Silvers et al114
Urine	Ultracentrifugation NanoSight microarray PCR	Diagnosis	mRNA	LASS2, GALNT1	Perez et al115
Urine	Differential ultracentrifugation	Diagnosis	miRNA	miR‐21‐5p	Matsuzaki et al116
Urine	Differential ultracentrifugation Filtration	Diagnosis Prognosis	miRNA proteins	miR‐375, miR‐146a, apoB	Andreu et al117
Urine	Differential centrifugation Total exosome isolation kit	Prognosis	miRNA	miR‐141‐3p, miR‐200a‐3p, miR‐205‐5p	Baumgart et al118
Urine	Differential ultracentrifugation	Prognosis	miRNA	miR‐940	Long et al119
Urine	Nanostring miRNA assays Droplet digital PCR	Diagnosis	miRNA	miR‐205, miR‐200c‐3p, miR‐29b‐3p; miR‐921, miR‐23b	Ostenfeld et al120 Berrondo et al122
Urine	Centrifugation Exosome RNA isolation kit	Diagnosis	miRNA	miR‐4454, miR‐21, miR‐720	Armstrong et al121
Urine	Differential ultracentrifugation	Diagnosis Prognosis	mRNA; lncRNA	HOTAIR, HOX‐AS‐2, MALAT1, SOX2, OCT4, HYMA1, LINC00477, LOC 100506688, OTX2‐AS1	Berrondo et al122