Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and MRI measuresa
| Healthy controls (n = 60) | MS patients (n = 208) | RRMS (n = 130) | SPMS (n = 53) | PPMS (n = 25) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 50.33 ± 7.08 | 53.70 ± 9.62** | 50.68 ± 9.53 | 57.00 ± 6.76***, ††† | 62.40 ± 7.66***, ††† |
| F/M | 37/23 | 141/67 | 97/33 | 34/19 | 10/15†† |
| Disease duration, y | — | 20.20 ± 7.08 | 19.03 ± 6.23 | 23.05 ± 8.50†† | 20.22 ± 6.44 |
| EDSSb | — | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 3.0 (2.5–4.0) | 6.0 (4.0–7.0)††† | 6.0 (4.5–6.5)††† |
| NBV, L | 1.49 ± 0.07 | 1.41 ± 0.09*** | 1.43 ± .0.10*** | 1.39 ± 0.08***, † | 1.41 ± 0.10*** |
| NGMV, L | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.06*** | 0.76 ± 0.06* | 0.73 ± 0.05***, †† | 0.74 ± 0.07***, † |
| NWMV, L | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.05*** | 0.66 ± 0.05*** | 0.66 ± 0.05*** | 0.67 ± 0.04 |
| LV, mL | — | 11.24 (3.92–20.5) | 9.70 (3.86–19.26) | 13.93 (3.76–25.56) | 12.49 (6.03–16.06) |
| NLV, mLb | — | 18.09 (9.93–29.67) | 16.80 (8.58–26.81) | 24.65 (15.92–41.50)†† | 15.24 (9.35–28.50) |
| NDGMV, mLc | 63.45 ± 4.71 | 57.27 ± 6.62*** | 58.00 ± 6.73*** | 55.21 ± 6.28***, † | 57.60 ± 6.26*** |
| Accumbens | 1.26 ± 0.20 | 1.10 ± 0.29*** | 1.16 ± 0.26* | 1.00 ± 0.28***, †† | 1.02 ± 0.36*** |
| Amygdala | 3.92 ± 0.55 | 3.64 ± 0.53*** | 3.66 ± 0.52* | 3.58 ± 0.55** | 3.65 ± 0.55 |
| Caudate | 9.30 ± +1.01 | 8.30 ± 1.12*** | 8.42 ± 1.16*** | 8.06 ± 0.93*** | 8.18 ± 1.21*** |
| Hippocampus | 10.33 ± 1.09 | 9.39 ± 1.32*** | 9.63 ± 1.20** | 9.00 ± 1.31***, †† | 8.94 ± 1.66***, † |
| Globus pallidus | 4.76 ± 0.51 | 4.36 ± 0.64*** | 4.42 ± 0.61** | 4.18 ± 0.67** | 4.43 ± 0.70 |
| Putamen | 13.01 ± 1.15 | 12.02 ± 1.60*** | 12.08 ± 1.61*** | 11.73 ± 1.63*** | 12.29 ± 1.47 |
| Thalamus | 20.83 ± 1.59 | 18.43 ± 2.40*** | 18.61 ± 2.44*** | 17.66 ± 2.36***, † | 19.09 ± 1.90** |
| Cortical thickness, mmd | 2.48 ± 0.09 | 2.39 ± 0.10*** | 2.40 ± 0.10*** | 2.35 ± 0.09***, †† | 2.38 ± 0.11*** |
| Frontal | 2.51 ± 0.09 | 2.43 ± 0.12*** | 2.45 ± 0.10** | 2.40 ± 0.10***, † | 2.39 ± 0.19*** |
| Precentral | 2.53 ± 0.11 | 2.42 ± 0.14*** | 2.45 ± 0.13*** | 2.37 ± 0.13***, †† | 2.37 ± 0.17***, † |
| Postcentral | 2.07 ± 0.11 | 1.99 ± 0.12*** | 2.01 ± 0.11* | 1.96 ± 0.11***, † | 1.97 ± 0.15* |
| Parietal | 2.35 ± 0.09 | 2.27 ± 0.12*** | 2.28 ± 0.11*** | 2.24 ± 0.11*** | 2.25 ± 0.17** |
| Temporal | 2.82 ± 0.10 | 2.70 ± 0.15*** | 2.72 ± 0.13*** | 2.65 ± 0.13***, †† | 2.67 ± 0.25*** |
| Occipital | 2.04 ± 0.09 | 1.96 ± 0.11*** | 1.97 ± 0.10*** | 1.95 ± 0.09*** | 1.95 ± 0.17** |
| Cingulate | 2.57 ± 0.13 | 2.50 ± 0.14** | 2.53 ± 0.12 | 2.48 ± 0.13** | 2.44 ± 0.19***, † |
| Insular | 3.06 ± 0.11 | 2.98 ± 0.15** | 3.00 ± 0.14** | 2.97 ± 0.09** | 2.93 ± 0.25 |
| FANAWM | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.03*** | 0.37 ± 0.03*** | 0.36 ± 0.02***, †† | 0.37 ± 0.02** |
| MDNAWM | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.03*** | 0.85 ± 0.03*** | 0.86 ± 0.03*** | 0.85 ± 0.03** |
| ADNAWM | 1.19 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.03 |
| RDNAWM | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.04*** | 0.68 ± 0.04*** | 0.70 ± 0.04***, † | 0.67 ± 0.04* |
Abbreviations: RRMS, relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS, secondary‐progressive multiple sclerosis; PPMS, primary‐progressive multiple sclerosis; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; NBV, normalized brain volume; NGMV, normalized gray matter volume; NWMV, normalized white matter volume; NLV, normalized lesion volume; NAWM, normal‐appearing white matter, FA, fractional anisotropy; MD, mean diffusitivity; AD, axial diffusitivity; RD, radial diffusitivity.
Values listed are mean ± SD for normally distributed variables, P values were Bonferroni‐corrected where applicable.
Variables were not normally distributed and therefore median (interquartile range) is provided.
Values listed are volumes normalized for head size; left and right were averaged.
left and right were averaged.
*P < 0.05, compared with healthy controls
**P < 0.01, compared with healthy controls
***P < 0.001, compared with healthy controls
† P < 0.05, compared with RRMS
†† P < 0.01, compared with RRMS
††† P < 0.001, compared with RRMS