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. 2019 Nov 20;10:335. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1410-y

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Micro-CT evaluation of repaired craniums and blood vessel formation at 8 weeks post-implantation. a Three-dimensional reconstruction and sagittal images showed different reparative effects of HA, MSC-Exos, and DMOG-MSC-Exos. b New blood vessels in calvarial defects are shown in three-dimensional reconstruction images. c CD31 immunohistochemistry of bone defect regions of all groups at 8 weeks post-surgery (green fluorescence indicates newly formed blood vessels). d Bone mineral density (BMD) of each group. e Bone volume-to-total volume ratio (BV/TV) in each group. f Morphometric analysis to determine local vessel area in bone defects (*P < 0.05, versus control; #P < 0.05, versus MSC-Exos)