Table 2.

Brain activation during physical pain (PP) and social pain (SP) and group differences

Anatomical region	Cyto area		Side	Cluster size	MNI coordinates				T	P
					x	y		z
Physical pain
HC: PP > PN
Cingulate/SMA			L/R	1,495						< 0.001
SMA					−2	22		44	8.25
Middle cingulate					2	26		34	6.56
SMA					2	12		56	6.51
Somatosensory			L	783						< 0.001
Supramarginal gyrus	PFt				−56	−26		38	6.75
Postcentral gyrus	PFop				−58	−20		22	5.62
Postcentral gyrus	Area 1				−54	−34		54	4.78
Anterior insula			L	296						0.005
Insula lobe					−36	16		6	6.01
Insula lobe					−30	26		0	3.89
Anterior insula			R	310						0.004
Insula lobe					34	20		−4	5.71
Insula lobe					44	16		−2	4.74
Insula lobe					32	20		6	4.47
ASD: PP > PN
Somatosensory			L	1,580						< 0.001
Postcentral gyrus	PFt				−58	−22		32	7.64
Supramarginal gyrus	PFt				−62	−28		38	6.86
Inferior parietal lobe	PFt				−46	−34		42	5.72
Cingulate/SMA			L/R	1,548						< 0.001
Superior medial gyrus					−2	20		42	6.89
Posterio‐medial frontal					0	12		56	6.11
Middle cingulate cortex					−6	24		34	5.76
Somatosensory			R	1,267						< 0.001
Postcentral gyrus	PFt				52	−26		40	6.67
Supramarginal gyrus	PFop				64	−18		28	6.06
Postcentral gyrus	Area 2				46	−32		52	5.80
Anterior insula			R	554						< 0.001
Insula lobe					40	4		14	5.40
Pars opercularis	Area 44				58	10		16	4.76
Inferior frontal			L	177						0.035
Pars triangularis					−34	20		10	4.99
Pars orbitalis					−36	22		−10	4.15
Anterior insula			L	326						0.003
Insula lobe					−38	−2		16	4.82
Pars opercularis					−50	8		4	4.55
Social pain
HC: SP > SN
Cingulate/insula			L/R	7,787						< 0.001
Posterior‐medial frontal					−4	20		48	8.81
Middle frontal gyrus					−50	14		36	6.40
Insula lobe					−26	26		2	6.16
Caudate/thalamus			L	2,058						< 0.001
Caudate nucleus					−14	6		12	5.78
Thalamus	Temporal				−4	−10		8	5.08
Cerebellum			R	180						0.043
Cerebellum	Lobule VI				30	−60		−28	5.39
Cerebellum	Lobule VI				26	−74		−24	3.99
Inferior temporal gyrus			R	459						< 0.001
Inferior temporal gyrus					−46	−58		−14	5.03
Inferior temporal gyrus					−44	−44		−18	4.15
Somatosensory			L	655						< 0.001
Postcentral gyrus	Area 2				−38	−38		54	4.85
Inferior parietal lobe	Area 1				−52	−30		50	4.39
Inferior parietal lobe					−32	−36		42	4.16
Inferior frontal gyrus			R	181						0.043
Pars opercularis	Area 44				56	10		20	4.62
Pars triangularis	Area 45				62	16		22	4.53
Occipital cortex			L	240						0.018
Middle occipital gyrus	hOc2				−12	−102		6	4.24
Calcarine gyrus	hOc1				−14	−102		−4	4.14
Lingual gyrus	hOc4v				−32	−90		−14	3.53
ASD: SP > SN
Posterior‐medial frontal			R/L	288	−6	12		52	5.71	0.008
Interaction: [HC > ASD] × [SP > SN]
Anterior insula			L	13	−28	24		2	2.74	0.032

Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; HC, healthy controls; PP, physical pain; PN, physical neutral; SP, social pain; SN, social neutral; all statistics for the PP/SP > PN/SN effects are family‐wise error (FWE) corrected for whole‐brain analyses at cluster level. The interaction effect was examined in an anterior insula region of interest (ROI) which was derived from an independent study on SP [Krach et al., 2011].

All P values represent the corresponding FWE corrected value. The `Cyto Areá column indicates the assigned cytoarchitectonical area as indicated by the SPM ANATOMY [Eickhoff et al., 2005] toolbox v2.1 if available. Anatomical labels were derived respectively.