Table 3.

Native syllables (L1) used in the study

IPA	Language	Manner	Place	Voice	Vowel
ka	Japanese	Plosive	Velar	Voiceless	Oral open central unrounded
ku	Japanese	Plosive	Velar	Voiceless	Oral close back/central rounded
ko	Japanese	Plosive	Velar	Voiceless	Oral close‐mid back rounded
sa	Japanese	Fricative	Alveolar	Voiceless	Oral open central unrounded
so	Japanese	Fricative	Alveolar	Voiceless	Oral close‐mid back rounded
tu	Japanese	Affricate	Alveolar	Voiceless	Oral close back/central rounded
te	Japanese	Plosive	Dental	Voiceless	Oral close‐mid front unrounded
to	Japanese	Plosive	Dental	Voiceless	Oral close‐mid back rounded
hi	Japanese	Fricative	Palatal	Voiceless	Oral close front unrounded
he	Japanese	Fricative	Glottal	Voiceless	Oral close‐mid front unrounded
mo	Japanese	Nasal	Bilabial	Voiced	Oral close‐mid back rounded
jo	Japanese	Approximant	Palatal	Voiced	Oral close‐mid back rounded
ru	Japanese	Flap	Alveolar	Voiced	Oral close back/central rounded
gu	Japanese	Plosive	Velar	Voiced	Oral close back/central rounded
zu	Japanese	Affricate	Alveolar	Voiced	Oral close back/central rounded
da	Japanese	Plosive	Dental	Voiced	Oral open central unrounded
IPA: International phonetic alphabet