Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample
| Control | mTBI | PTSD | mTBI+PTSD | Test Statistic (χ 2 or F) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 38 | 19 | 31 | 45 | ||
| Current PTSD: N (%) | 23 (74) | 37 (82) | 0.71 | n.s. | ||
| Females: N (%) | 6 (16) | 1 (5) | 2 (6) | 0 (0)a | 8.24 | .04 |
| Prior civilian mTBI: N (%) | 19 (50) | 11 (58) | 19 (61) | 23 (51) | 1.17 | n.s. |
| Age, years: Mean (SD) | 33.9 (8.8) | 36.6 (9.4) | 33.3 (9.3) | 30.2 (6.2)b | 3.09 | .03 |
| Number of deployments: N (%) | 6.89 | n.s. | ||||
| 1 | 19 (50) | 6 (32) | 20 (65) | 18 (40) | ||
| 2 | 14 (37) | 10 (53) | 8 (26) | 19 (42) | ||
| 3+ | 5 (13) | 3 (16) | 3 (10) | 8 (18) | ||
| Total duration of deployments, months: Mean (SD)c | 22.1 (7.8) | 28.2 (18.3) | 16.7 (5.7)b | 19.8 (8.6)b | 5.20 | .002 |
| Total current PCSd: Mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.3) | 3.8 (2.2)a | 3.8 (2.0)a | 5.1 (2.0)a | 17.41 | <.001 |
| Lifetime alcohol dependence: N (%) | 7 (18) | 5 (26) | 16 (52)a | 30 (67)a, b | 22.65 | <.001 |
| Lifetime MDD: N (%) | 7 (18) | 7 (37) | 22 (71)a | 31 (69)a | 31.29 | <.001 |
a
Different than controls.
b
Different than mTBI.
c
Total duration of deployments could not be determined for five Controls, 2 PTSD, 3 mTBI, and 1 mTBI+PTSD.
d
A total of eight postconcussive symptoms were assessed: memory problems, poor balance, irritability, tinnitus, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to noise, headaches, and insomnia.
MDD, major depressive disorder; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; PCS, postconcussive symptoms; PTSD, post‐traumatic stress disorder.