Table 2.
Comparison of volume losses, RAC BPND decreases and PK BPND increases between the averaged 45‐CAG repeat premanifest HD and symptomatic HD brain, and normal brain
| Area | Premanifest HD vs normal brain | Symptomatic HD vs normal brain | Premanifest HD vs symptomatic HD | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume loss (mm3) (%) | RAC BPND decreases (%) | PK BPND increases (%) | Volume loss (mm3) (%) | RAC BPND decreases (%) | PK BPND increases (%) | Volume loss (mm3) (%) | RAC BPND decreases (%) | PK BPND increases (%) | |
| Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) | 7.7 | 8.4 | NC | 26.9** | 51.1** | NC | 20.9* | 46.5* | NC |
| Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) | NC | NC | NC | 15.4 | 14.0 | 17.7 | 14.3 | 11.8 | 15.2 |
| Sensorimotor striatum (SMST)a | 26.7* | 35.4** | 54.2*** | 47.0*** | 58.2*** | 57.0*** | 28.1* | 27.4* | NC |
| Associative striatum (AST)b | 14.5 | 28.9* | 46.7** | 32.7** | 54.5*** | 60.0*** | 21.4 | 36.0** | 21.0 |
| Limbic striatum (LST)c | 19.2 | 17.0 | 26.5 | 30.5* | 40.5** | 38.9* | 14.1 | 24.2 | 14.5 |
| Anterior pre‐frontal cortex (aPFC) | 18.2* | 6.0 | 8.2 | 23.5*** | 15.9 | 28.4* | 6.6 | 11.8 | 23.1* |
| Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) | 23.0* | NC | NC | 31.4** | 13.9 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 14.3 |
| Thalamus | 6.4 | 6.6 | 22.0 | 8.5 | 13.8 | 23.0 | NC | 7.7% | NC |
| Hypothalamus | 9.5 | 22.5* | 36.6** | 16.0 | 28.5** | 40.6*** | 5.5 | NC | NC |
| Insula | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 38.5** | 30.9* | 16.7 | 34.2* | 23.2 | 9.6 |
| Hippocampus | 6.0 | 13.4 | 12.8 | 16.5 | 17.8 | 19.9 | 11.2 | 5.1 | 8.1 |
| Globus pallidus | 18.5 | 21.4 | 28.9 | 44.2** | 44.4*** | 51.2* | 31.1* | 24.6 | 24.7 |
| Substantia nigra | 22.1* | 14.7 | NC | 41.4** | 33.9* | 19.6 | 26.8* | 25.8 | 16.3 |
| Red nucleus | 15.4 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 26.5* | 18.0 | 15.0 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 7.9 |
| Superior colliculus | NC | 20.9 | NC | 10.4 | 21.8 | 12.7 | 7.1 | NC | 8.6 |
| Inferior colliculus | NC | 19.9 | 13.4 | NC | 21.1 | 24.3 | NC | NC | 17.2 |
| Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) | NC | 34.4* | 31.2* | 7.5 | 54.3** | 36.3* | NC | 22.3 | 6.5 |
| Amygdala | 10.4 | 28.8* | 43.6* | 13.2 | 29.9* | 45.2* | NC | NC | NC |
| Motor groupd | 22.6* | 25.0* | 37.6** | 42.7** | 45.7*** | 43.8** | 26.6* | 23.5* | 11.1 |
| Cognitive groupe | 10.8 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 26.7** | 24.9* | 21.7* | 17.8 | 17.3 | 13.3 |
| Psychiatric groupf | 10.6 | 12.0 | 14.4 | 27.4* | 29.1* | 21.5* | 18.5 | 17.7 | 9.4 |
Sensorimotor striatum (SMST) = post‐commissural putamen.
Associative striatum (AST) = pre‐commissural dorsal putamen + pre‐commissural dorsal caudate + post‐commissural caudate.
Limbic striatum (LST) = ventral striatum (VST) [VST = nucleus accumbens + ventral caudate rostral to the AC + ventral putamen rostral to the AC].
Motor group = SMST + globus pallidus + substantia nigra + red nucleus.
Cognitive group = ACC + PCC + AST + aPFC + OFC + insula + hippocampus.
Psychiatric group = ACC + LST + OFC + hypothalamus + insula + hippocampus + BNST + amygdale.
Levels of significance: *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; NC = no change = percentage difference < 5%.