Figure 1.

Experimental design. A: Example layouts subjects experienced during encoding. The red‐box indicates the landmark, the blue box indicates the randomly located store used as part of one of the control conditions, and the yellow box indicates the store subjects were encoding on that trial. B: An example of a retrieval trial in the landmark condition. Subjects navigated to the hidden target stores using the landmark; navigation occurred from a first‐person perspective. Subjects then performed the baseline task, which involved following arrows with the joystick. C: Schematic of the layout of the city from an aerial view. The store at the center of the circle was the landmark. The locations of stores on the dashed line were fixed relative to the landmark. Zoomed inset shows actual view of the landmark from an aerial view experienced by subjects. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]