Table II.
Sensitivity, Criteria for Concordance, and Degree of Concordance from Previous Publications on Seizures Using fMRI
| Study | Subjects | Selection Criteria | Subjects with Seizures | Subjects with fMRI Results | Criteria for Concordance of BOLD Clusters in Focal Epilepsy / Criteria for Localization of BOLD Clusters in Generalized Epilepsy | Degree of Concordance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Iannetti et al.,2002] | 3 | Refractory epilepsy triggered by fixation off sensitivity | 3 | 3 | Localization of all BOLD clusters according to coordinates system in MNI space at sublobar level | NA |
| [Aghakhani et al.,2004] | 25 | IGE patients with 2–4 Hz GSWDs | 15 | 15 | Coregistration and localization of all BOLD clusters with individual anatomical scans | NA |
| [Gotman et al.,2005] | 25 | IGE patients with 2–4 Hz GSWDs | 15 | 15 | Localization of all BOLD clusters according to coordinates system in MNI space at lobar level | NA |
| [Federico et al., 2005] | 3 | FE patients undergoing presurgical evaluation | 3 | 3 | Visual comparison of the statistically most significant BOLD cluster with; icEEG based (cases:1/3) or electroclinical, MRI and ictal SPECT based (cases:2/3) SOZ | 1/3 |
| [Di Bonaventura et al.,2006] | 43 | FE/ IGE patients with well‐defined epileptic syndrome, easily recognizable EEG activity and without extensive motion during seizures | 13 | 9 | Visual comparison of the location of all BOLD clusters (thresholded for amplitude (P < 0.05) and extent (350 mm3)) with electroclinical and MRI based SOZ. All clusters were labelled using Talairach atlas according to coordinates system in MNI space at lobar | 8/9 |
| [Hamandi et al.,2006] | 46 | IGE /SGE patients with frequent GSWDs | 33 | 22 | Localization of all BOLD clusters according to coordinates system in MNI space at lobar level | NA |
| [Salek‐Haddadi 2008] | 9 | Reading epilepsy patients | 6 | 6 | Visual identification and localization of the statistically most significant and other BOLD clusters for individual patients | |
| [Tyvaert et al.,2008] | 8 | From the EEG‐fMRI data‐base, patients with MCD and interictal and ictal Events | 8 | 8 | Visual comparison of the location of the most statistically significant BOLD clusters with; icEEG (Cases:2/8), or electroclinical and lesions on MRI based (Cases:6/8) SOZ | 8/8 |
| [Donaire et al., 2009] | 10 | From the EEG‐fMRI data‐base, patients with at least one clinical seizure during fMRI, with Ictal SPECT and with icEEG Evaluation | 10 | 5 | Coregistration and comparison of the earliest BOLD cluster (thresholded for extent (minimum five contagious voxels) and statistical significance (t > 3)) with; icEEG (cases:2/5) or electroclinical, MRI and Ictal SPECT based (cases:3/5) SOZ | 4/5 |
| [Tyvaert et al.,2009] | 17 | From the EEG‐fMRI database, patients; (a) with spontaneous seizure during fMRI | 10 | 10 | Visual comparison of the location of the earliest BOLD cluster (thresholded for extent and statistical significance) with; icEEG (cases: 3/10) or electroclinical, lesion on MRI based (cases: 7/10) SOZ | 9/10 |
| [LeVan et al., 2009] | 15 | From the EEG‐fMRI database, patients with seizure during EEG‐fMRI | 15 | 14 | Visual comparison of the location of the statistically most significant BOLD cluster (thresholded for extent (minimum five contagious voxels) and statistical significance (t > 3)) or ICA based clusters correlated with GLM, with; icEEG (cases: 4/15) or electroclinical and MRI based (cases: 11/15) SOZ | 13/15 |
| [Thornton et al., 2010] | 83 | Refractory focal epilepsy patients undergoing presurgical evaluation | 9 | 7 | Coregistration and comparison of all the statistically significant BOLD clusters with icEEG (cases: 8/9) based SOZ, and defined as, concordant; when all significant BOLD clusters were concordant with the SOZ and the area of maximal signal change was in the same gyrus and within 2 cm of the icEEG electrode, or concordant plus when the statistically most significant BOLD cluster was concordant but additional discordant clusters were also present | 4/9 |
| [Liu et al.,2008] | 4 | Eye lid myoclonia associated with absences patients | 4 | 4 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD Clusters thresholded for extent (minimum five contagious voxels) and statistical significance (t > 3) for individual patients at lobar and sublobar level | NA |
| [Moeller et al., 2008] | 10 | Newly diagnosed CAE patients | 6 | 6 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters, coregistered with individual MRI (MNI space), thresholded for extent (minimum five contagious voxels) and statistical significance (t > 4.7) | NA |
| [Li et al.,2009] | 15 | CAE patients with frequent GSWDs | 6 | 6 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters thresholded for extent (minimum five contagious voxels) and statistical significance (t > 3) for individual patients at lobar and sublobar level | NA |
| [Moeller et al., 2009] | 16/14 | IGE patients/healthy subjects with PPR | 6 | 6 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters, coregistered with individual MRI (MNI space), thresholded for extent (minimum five contagious voxels) and statistical significance (t > 4.7) | NA |
| [Bai et al.,2010] | 42 | CAE patients with 3–4 Hz GSWDs | 9 | 9 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters, coregistered with individual MRI (MNI space), thresholded for statistical significance (P < 0.05, FDR) | NA |
| [Berman et al.,2010] | 37 | CAE patients with 3–4 Hz GSWDs, without additional seizure types or structural brain abnormality or neurologic disorders | 9 | 9 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters, coregistered with individual MRI (MNI space), thresholded for extent (minimum three contagious voxels) and statistical significance (P < 0.05, FDR) | NA |
| [Moeller et al., 2010] | 14 | CAE patients with 3 Hz GSWDs (3–30 s, inducible by hyperventilation), transient impairment of consciousness | 9 | 9 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters, coregistered with individual MRI (MNI space), thresholded for extent and statistical significance (F > 5.7) | NA |
| [Carney et al.,2010] | 11 | Children with absences as exclusive seizure type, not on medications, with 3–3.5 Hz GSWDs inducible with hyperventilation, with normal early development and normal structural imaging | 11 | 11 | Visual identification and localization of all BOLD clusters, coregistered with individual MRI (MNI space), thresholded for statistical significance (P < 0.001) | NA |
SOZ = seizure onset zone, BOLD = blood oxygen level dependent, NA = not applicable, IGE = idiopathic generalized epilepsy, GSWDs = generalized spike wave discharges, FE = focal epilepsy, MNI = Montreal Neuroimaging Institute, SGE = secondary generalized epilepsy, MCD = malformations of cortical development, icEEG = intracranial EEG, CAE = childhood absence epilepsy, PPR = photoparoxysmal response, FDR = false discovery rate.