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. 2011 Apr 11;32(5):771–783. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21060

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Summary of main structures involved in verbal and tonal WM in nonmusicians and musicians; red areas indicate structures that are recruited for both verbal and tonal WM (referred to in the main text as core structures); blue areas indicate structures that are recruited for verbal WM in addition to the core structures; green areas indicate structures that are recruited for tonal WM in addition to the core structures; purple area indicates structures that are recruited for verbal WM in nonmusicians, as well as for both verbal and tonal WM in musicians. Phonological and tonal loop in nonmusicians: Broca's area, left (L) dorsolateral and ventrolateral premotor cortex (PMd and PMv), L inferior parietal lobe (IPL), presupplementary motor area (pre‐SMA) and SMA, L insula. Phonological and tonal loop in musicians: Broca's area, L PMd/PMv, L IPL, pre‐SMA/SMA, L insula, L inferior frontal sulcus (IFS), right (R) PMv/PMd, R cerebellum, L intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and (superior parietal lobe) SPL, L putamen. Phonological loop in nonmusicians: Broca's area, L PMd/PMv, L IPL, pre‐SMA/SMA, L insula, L mid‐dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (mid‐DLPFC), R IPL, L IPS, L IFS, R PMv, R cerebellum. Phonological loop in musicians: Broca's area, L PMd/PMv, L IPL, pre‐SMA/SMA, L insula, L IFS, R PMv, R cerebellum, R PMd, L IPS/SPL, L putamen, R insula (the R insula was selectively recruited for verbal WM). Tonal loop in musicians: Broca's area, L PMd/PMv, L IPL, pre‐SMA/SMA, L insula, L IFS, R PMv, R cerebellum, R PMd, L IPS/SPL, L putamen, as well as four additional structures that were selectively recruited for tonal WM: L cuneus, R globus pallidus, R caudate nucleus, L cerebellum.