Table I.
Stimuli used in the experiment
| Related condition (English translation) | Unrelated condition (English translation) | Nonword condition (English translation) |
|---|---|---|
| UNIMODAL CONDITION | ||
| Fahne–Mast (flag–mast) | Fahne–Bahn (flag–train) | Fahne–Deisil (flag–deisil) |
| Dom–Altar (cathedral–altar) | Dom–Kohle (cathedral–coal) | Dom–Laugu (cathedral–laugu) |
| Film–Kamera (Film–camera) | Film–Hebel (film–lever) | Film–Makri (film–makri) |
| Pflug–Scheune (plough–barn) | Pflug–Altar (plough–altar) | Pflug–Tarla (plough–tarla) |
| Tapete–Leim (wallpaper–glue) | Tapete–Bullauge (wallpaper–porthole) | Tapete–Petul (wallpaper–petul) |
| Ofen–Kohle (oven–coal) | Ofen–Plastik (oven–plastic) | Ofen–Stikpla (oven–stikpla) |
| Kompass–Nadel (compass–needle) | Kompass–Marmor (compass–marble) | Kompass–Soram (compass–soram) |
| Dampfer–Bullauge (steamboat–porthole) | Dampfer–Nadel (steamboat–needle) | Dampfer–Lune (steamboat–lune) |
| Naht–Saum (seam–border) | Naht–Mast (seam–mast) | Naht–Musa (seam–musa) |
| Messer–Schneide (knife–edge) | Messer–Pfeiler (knife–pillar) | Messer–Deische (knife–deische) |
| Terrasse–Markise (patio–awning) | Terrasse–Geige (patio–electricity) | Terrasse–Ramke (patio–ramke) |
| Bagger–Schaufel (excavator–bucket) | Bagger–Girlande (excavator–garland) | Bagger–Felau (excavator–felau) |
| Magnet–Eisen (magnet–iron) | Magnet–Abfluss (magnet–spout) | Magnet–Eisam (magnet–eisam) |
| Fliese–Marmor (tile–marble) | Fliese–Scheune (tile–barn) | Fliese–Siesch (tile–siesch) |
| Ablage–Zettel (clipboard–note) | Ablage–Markise (clipboard–awning) | Ablage–Kise (clipboard–kise) |
| Apparat–Hebel (apparatus–lever) | Apparat–Rauch (apparatus–smoke) | Apparat–Hebap (apparatus–hebap) |
| Beton–Pfeiler (concrete–pillar) | Beton–Schneide (concrete–edge) | Beton–Feito (concrete–feito) |
| Boden–Teppich (floor–carpet) | Boden–Schaufel (floor–bucket) | Boden–Peti (floor–peti) |
| Klingel–Rezeption (bell–reception) | Klingel–Geige (bell–violin) | Klingel–Gelik (bell–gelik) |
| Lampion–Girlande (lampion–garland) | Lampion–Leim (lampion–glue) | Lampion–Mielal (Lampion–mielal) |
| Leitung–Strom (cable–electricity) | Leitung–Saum (cable–border) | Leitung–Musal (cable–musal) |
| Mine–Kuli (refill–ballpoint pen) | Mine–Kamera (refill–camera) | Mine–Lune (refill–lune) |
| Orchester–Geige (orchestra–violin) | Orchester–Teppich (orchestra–carpet) | Orchester–Otor (orchestra–otor) |
| Rohr–Abfluss (tube–drain) | Rohr–Zettel (tube–note) | Rohr–Tehz (tube–tehz) |
| Schild–Schwert (buckler–sword) | Schild–Seide (buckler–silk) | Schild–Deisil (buckler–deisil) |
| Schranke–Bahn (gate–railroad) | Schranke–Schwert (gate–sword) | Schranke–Schrew (gate–schrew) |
| Seife–Wasser (soap–water) | Seife–Kuli (soap–ballpoint pen) | Seife–Feisuk (soap–feisuk) |
| Tuch–Seide (shawl–silk) | Tuch–Rezeption (shawl–reception) | Tuch–Deisu (shawl–deisu) |
| Tüte–Plastik (bag–plastic) | Tüte–Eisen (bag–iron) | Tüte–Lastüt (bag–lastüt) |
| Zigarre–Rauch (cigar–smoke) | Zigarre–Wasser (cigar–water) | Zigarre–Chag (cigar–chag) |
| CROSS‐MODAL CONDITION | ||
| Pinsel–Farbe (paint–brush–paint) | Pinsel–Lampe (paint–brush–lamp) | Pinsel–Rafins (paint–brush–rafins) |
| Ring–Diamant (ring–diamond) | Ring–Farbe (ring–paint) | Ring–Tantia (ring–tantia) |
| Schublade–Kommode (drawer–bureau) | Schublade–Flügel (drawer–aerofoil) | Schublade–Modos (drawer–modos) |
| Absatz–Stiefe–l (heel–boot) | Absatz–Schleife (heel–bow) | Absatz–Schliefa (heel–schliefa) |
| Bohrer–Dübel (borer–dowel) | Bohrer–Container (borer–container) | Bohrer–Tocob (borer–tocob) |
| Dose–Öffner (can–can–opener) | Dose–Theater (can–theatre) | Dose–Atera (can–atera) |
| Geschenk–Schleife (present–bow) | Geschenk–Sprosse (present–rung) | Geschenk–Rosek (present–rosek) |
| Gewehr–Patrone (gun–round) | Gewehr–Bikini (gun–bikini) | Gewehr–Kineb (gun–kineb) |
| Helm–Mofa (helmet–moped) | Helm–Kommode (helmet–bureau) | Helm–Modehl (helmet–modehl) |
| Herd–Pfanne (cooker–pan) | Herd–Spitze (cooker–lace) | Herd–Tize (cooker–tize) |
| Kassette–Radio (casette–radio) | Kassette–Schminke (casette–make–up) | Kassette–Minkat (cassette–minkat) |
| Leiter–Sprosse– (ladder –rung) | Leiter–Diamant (ladder–diamond) | Leiter–Rosei (ladder–rosei) |
| Pullover–Wolle (pullover–wool) | Pullover–Tabak (pullover–tobacco) | Pullover–Ellov (pullover–ellov) |
| Schlüssel–Schloss (key–lock) | Schlüssel–Schwamm (key–sponge) | Schlüssel–Olsch (key–olsch) |
| BH–Spitze (bra–lace) | BH–Schraube (bra–srew) | BH–Sarub (bra–sarub) |
| Glühbirne–Lampe (bulb–lamp) | Glühbirne–Wäsche (bulb–laundry) | Glühbirne–Schäb (bulb–schab) |
| Flugzeug–Flügel (airplane–aerofoil) | Flugzeug–Schloss (airplane–lock) | Flugzeug–Slog (airplane–slog) |
| Grill–Rost (barbecue–gridiron) | Grill–Note (barbecue–note) | Grill–Etir (barbecue–etir) |
| Klammer–Wäsche (peg–laundry) | Klammer–Mofa (peg–moped) | Klammer–Famo (peg–famo) |
| Klavier–Note (piano–note) | Klavier–Stiefel (piano–boot) | Klavier–Felav (piano–felav) |
| Laster–Container (truck–container) | Laster–Wolle (truck–wool) | Laster–Lowst (truck–lowst) |
| Maske–Theater (mask–theater) | Maske–Antenne (mask–antenna) | Maske–Ethas (mask–ethas) |
| Muschel–Sand (clam–sand) | Muschel–Patrone (clam) –round) | Muschel–Danusch (clam–danusch) |
| Mutter–Schraube (screw nut–screw) | Mutter–Radio (srew nut–radio) | Mutter–Rautu (screw nut–radio) |
| Pfeife–Tabak (pipe–tobacco) | Pfeife–Dübel (pipe–dowel) | Pfeife–Batei (pipe–batei) |
| Pool–Bikini (pool–bikini) | Pool–Rost (pool–gridiron) | Pool–Ikino (pool–ikino) |
| Spiegel–Schminke (mirror–make–up) | Spiegel–Geschirr (mirror–dishes) | Spiegel–Ligisch (mirror–ligisch) |
| Spüle–Geschirr (sink–dishes) | Spüle–Sand (sink–sand) | Spüle–Schegü (sink–schgu) |
| Fernseher–Antenne (television–antenna) | Fernseher–Pfanne (television–pan) | Fernseher–Entav (television–entav) |
| Wanne–Schwamm (tub–sponge) | Wanne–Öffner (tub–opener) | Wanne–Waman (tub–waman) |
Different stimuli were used for the different conditions. They were matched within and between modalities, primes, targets and prime‐target pairs regarding lexical frequency, word length, familiarity and relationship. In the cross‐modal condition the prime word was replaced by a picture.