Figure 1.

The main cognitive processes in the PIC task. In condition c1 (A), if the feature relevant to the concept were 0° (A, left), then the participants would form anticipation to the “stripe orientation” attribute. After the presentation of the probe, this attribute would be attended, but the “color” and “shape” attributes would be omitted from attention. For trials requiring a positive response (when the probe stimulus has a stripe orientation of 0°; A, right), the stimulus would not elicit conflict and control. In condition c2 (B), if the features relevant to the concept were square and 45° (B, left), then the participants would form anticipation to “shape” and “stripe orientation.” After presentation of the probe, both of these attributes would be attended, but “color” would be omitted from attention. Trials requiring a positive response could have either a square probe or a probe with 45° stripe orientation. For example, it may be a circle with 45° stripe orientation or a square with 135° orientation (B, right). However, only one feature would be congruent with participants' anticipation and the other feature would become an attended incongruent feature, eliciting conflict and control during categorization. Similarly to c2, in condition c3 (C), if the features in the concept were red, circle, and 45° (C, left), but positive response trials only had one congruent feature (C, right), both conflict and control would be elicited, but the number of conflicting features attended to in c3 is more than in c2.