Table I.
A summary of the results from functional imaging studies investigating the neural correlates of ToM
| Regions | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPFC (8/9/10) | LPFC (44/45/46/47) | SMA (6) | OFC (11) | Motor cortex (BA4) | ACC (24/32) | Paracingulate (10/32) | Precuneus (7/31) | PCC (23/31) | Temporal poles (38) | STS/STG (21/22) | MTG (21) | TPJ (39/40) | IPL (40) | Amygdala | Occipital cortex | Insula | Fusiform (36/37) | Cerebellum | |
| Baron‐Cohen et al.,1994 | X | X | |||||||||||||||||
| Fletcher et al.,1995 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Goel et al.,1995 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Baron‐Cohen et al.,1999 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Brunet et al.,2000 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Castelli et al.,2000 | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
| Gallagher et al.,2000 (S) | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Gallagher et al.,2000 (C) | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Sabbagh and Taylor,2000 | X | ||||||||||||||||||
| McCabe et al.,2001 | X | X | |||||||||||||||||
| Spence et al.,2001 | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Vogeley et al.,2001 | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
| Gallagher et al.,2002 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Lee et al.,2002 | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Mitchell et al.,2002 | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
| Calarge et al.,2003 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
| Ganis et al.,2003 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Saxe and Kanwisher,2003 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| German et al.,2004 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
| Grèzes et al.,2004a | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
| Grèzes et al.,2004b | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
| Kozel et al.,2004 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Mason et al.,2004 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Rilling et al.,2004 | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Walter et al.,2004 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Iacoboni et al.,2005 | X | X | |||||||||||||||||
| Mitchell et al.,2005a | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Mitchell et al.,2005b | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Mosconi et al.,2005 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Saxe and Powell,2005 | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Völlm et al., 2005 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Mitchell et al.,2006 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Ciaramidaro et al.,2007 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Gobbini et al.,2007 (S) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Gobbini et al.,2007 (A) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Kobayashi et al.,2007 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Sommer et al.,2007 | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
| Mitchell,2008 | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Lissek et al.,2008 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
| Young and Saxe,2008 | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Total (40) | 35 | 14 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 18 | 8 | 18 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 10 |
| Percent | 88 | 35 | 20 | 13 | 3 | 38 | 25 | 28 | 15 | 25 | 45 | 20 | 45 | 15 | 13 | 20 | 13 | 20 | 25 |
The regions in which ToM‐related activity was observed are reported for each study in chronological order. The total number of studies implicating each region was calculated and reported as a percentage (MPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; LPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; STS/STG, superior temporal sulcus/superior temporal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; TPJ, temporoparietal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobe). The results for the two different paradigms employed by Gallagher et al. (2000) and Gobbini et al. (2007) have been considered independently both here and in Table II. Although Kobayashi et al. also included two paradigms, they did not report the results for the two tasks separately; consequently, the ToM‐related activity reported here is the activity that they reported common to both paradigms.