Table I.
An overview of four population‐based MR studies of brain development
| NIMH‐CHPB | NIH‐PD | SYS | IMAGEN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample (n) | 400 | 500 | 700 (1,000) | 1,000 (2,000) |
| Age range | 3–25 years | 7 days to 18 years | 12–18 years | 14 years |
| Design | Longitudinal, multi‐ethnic population | Longitudinal, multi‐ethnic population | Cross‐sectional, founder population (white Caucasian) | Cross‐sectional, multi‐ethnic population |
| Recruitment | Local community | Population sampling (census‐based targets) | High schools | High schools |
| Genetics | Candidate genes | None | DNA (adolescents, both biological parents) | DNA (adolescents) |
| Environment | Socioeconomic status | Socioeconomic status | Socioeconomic status | Socioeconomic status |
| Pregnancy (smoking, alcohol, drugs) | Pregnancy (smoking, alcohol, drugs) | Pregnancy (smoking, alcohol, drugs) | ||
| Infancy (e.g. breast feeding) | Stressful life events | |||
| Childhood (e.g. maternal care, stressful life events, food availability/variety) | ||||
| Adolescents (e.g. diet, sleep) | ||||
| Neuroimaging | T1W images, 1.5‐mm thick axial slices, 1.5T GE scanner | T1W, T2W, PDW images, T1 and T2 relaxometry, 1.5T GE, and Siemens scanners | Brain: T1W, T2W, PDW images, MTR; Abdomen: fat, kidney volume; 1.0T Philips scanner | Structural: T1W images, DTI; Functional: Face Task, MID Task, Stop‐signal Task, Global‐cognition Task; 3 T scanners (GE, Philips, Siemens, Bruker) |
| Behaviour/Cognition | Child and Parent Diagnostic (Psychiatric) Interview for Children | Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children | DISC Predictive Scale (psychiatric symptoms) | DAWBA and SDQ (psychiatric symptoms) |
| Child behavior checklist | Child Behavior Checklist | Positive youth development, personality (NEO PI), antisocial behavior | Personality (NEO FFI, TCI‐R) | |
| Intelligence (WISC‐III/WISC‐IV subtests) | Personality (TCI) | Drug experimentation, sleep, sexuality | Substance use (SUPRS, ESPAD, DAST, AUDIT, MAST, FTND, TLFB) | |
| Spatial working memory, Go/ No‐Go task | Intelligence (WASI, WISC‐III subtests) | Intelligence (WISC‐III) | Intelligence (WISC subscales) | |
| Academic skills (reading, spelling) | Memory (CVLT) | Memory (CMS) | Executive functions (CANTAB) | |
| Grooved Pegboard and Handedness | Executive functions (Cantab, NEPSY) | Executive functions (e.g. stroop, fluency, working memory, attention) | Face perception | |
| Academic skills (calculation, passage comprehension, letter word) | Face perception, Body‐image perception | Handedness and fine motor skills | ||
| Handedness and fine motor skills | Reward/Impulsivity | |||
| Phonological processing | ||||
| Academic skills (math, math fluency, reading, spelling) and Number sense | ||||
| Handedness and Fine motor skills |
NIH‐CHPB, National Institutes of Health‐ Child Psychiatry Branch; NIH‐PD, National Institutes of Health – Pediatric MRI Database; SYS, Saguenay Youth Study.
DAWBA, Development and Well Being Assessment Interview; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionaire; SUPRS, Substance Use Risk Profile Scale; ESPAD, European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs; DAST, Drug Abuse Screening Scale; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tests; MAST, Michigan Alcohol Screening Test; FTND, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; TLFB, Time Followback Interview.