Dose color wash and corresponding dose profiles of the robust and conventional intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans for the craniospinal irradiation patient (A, B) and the mesothelioma patient (C, D). The dose color wash and dashed lines represent the dosimetric deviations resulting from a 3-mm alternating misalignment error (brain fields, −3 mm; upper spine field, +3 mm; lower spine field, −3 mm). (E) Dose profiles in junctions for the craniospinal irradiation IMPT plans with junction sizes of 8, 12, 16, and 26 cm and a longitudinal misalignment error of 3 mm per field (total, 6 mm). (F) Robustness comparison between a robust IMPT plan with a large dose junction (18 cm) and a robust IMPT plan with a small dose junction (7 cm) and junction shifting for the craniospinal irradiation patient.