Rectal dosimetric values for PSPT and IMPT plans, each with or without spacer. Bars indicate means and error bars represent standard deviations. *Pā<ā.05 by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Abbreviations: Dmax, maximum dose; HG, hydrogel spacer; IMPT, intensity-modulated proton therapy; PSPT, passive scattering proton therapy.