Table I.
Task‐switching, set‐shifting, and S‐R reversal studies included in the meta‐analysis
| Author | Year | Design | n | Task/contrast | Activ. | IFJ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brass | 2004 | efMRI | 14 | TS, meaning‐switch vs. cue‐switch | 2 | −37 5 32 |
| Braver | 2003 | e/bfMRI | 13 | TS, switch vs. repeat (event‐related analysis) | 3 | — |
| DiGirolamoa | 2001 | bfMRI | 8b | TS, switch blocks vs. repeat blocks | 13 | (−46 12 34) |
| Dove | 2000 | efMRI | 16 | S‐R reversal, switch vs. repeat | 5 | −44 5 37, 40 8 36 |
| Dreher | 2002 | bfMRI | 8 | TS, switch/rep. blocks (conjunction of switch conditions) vs. pure blocks | 4f | — |
| Konishi | 2002 | efMRI | 16 | WCST variant, update vs. null change | 3f | −38 4 33 |
| Kringelbach | 2003 | efMRI | 9 | S‐R reversal, reversal vs. no reversal | 5 | — |
| Luks | 2002 | efMRI | 11 | TS, informative switch cue vs. baseline | 10d | — |
| Luks | 2002 | efMRI | 11 | TS, neutrally cued switch vs. baseline | 3d | — |
| Monchi | 2001 | efMRI | 11 | WCST variant, negative FB vs. control FB | 12f | −38 3 27, −46 5 27 |
| Monchi | 2004 | efMRI | 9c | WCST variant, negative FB vs. control FB | 9f | −44 9 33, 44 9 33 |
| Nagahama | 2001 | efMRI | 6 | WCST variant, negat. FB vs. sorting baseline | 7f | 46 7 29 |
| Nagahama | 2001 | efMRI | 6 | S‐R reversal, negative FB vs. sorting baseline | 6f | (−42 3 26) |
| Nakahara | 2002 | efMRI | 10 | WCST variant, neg. FB vs. sorting baseline | 10e, f | 34 4 35 |
| Pollmann | 2000 | efMRI | 12 | S‐R reversal, switch vs. repeat | 4 | 45 2 37 |
| Swainson | 2003 | efMRI | 12 | TS, go switch vs. go repeat | 1f | — |
As this study used an unusually low threshold of z > 1.96 (with no correction for multiple comparisons or application of a cluster threshold) and in comparison to other studies reported a very high number of activations (30), we decided to include only activations above a more conservative threshold of z > 3.09.
Young participants.
Control group.
Some of these activations were located within ROIs, but each activation was significant on a whole brain level at P < 0.001 (Tracy Luks, personal communication).
Coordinates published in online supplementary material.
Transformed from MNI to Talairach space.
efMRI, event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); e/b, mixed design; bfMRI = blocked fMRI; TS, task switching; WCST, Wisconsin Card‐Sorting Test; FB, feedback; Activ., number of frontal lobe activations; IFJ, activations within IFJ limits; activations close to IFJ are in parentheses.