Table I.

Object‐naming studies

Reference	Scanner	Task	Stimulus category	Baseline stimulus	Baseline response
L Bookheimer et al.,1995	PET	Overt	Animals and objects	Random lines	—
L Etard et al.,2000	PET	Overt	Animals and objects	None (rest)	—
L Murtha et al.,1999	PET	Overt	Animals only	Plus signs	—
L Martin et al.,1996	PET	Covert	Animals and objects	Nonsense objects	—
L Smith et al.,2001	fMRI	Covert	Animals and objects	Gray squares	—
L Vingerhoets et al.,2003	fMRI	Covert	Animals and objects	Scrambled lines	—
L Tyler et al.,2004	fMRI	Covert	Animals and objects	Fixation	—
L van Turennout et al.,2000	fMRI	Covert	Not specified	Visual noise	—
L van Turennout et al.,2003	fMRI	Covert	Animals and objects	Visual noise	—
H Damasio et al.,1996	PET	Overt	Animals tools	Inverted faces	Say “up/down”
H Price et al.,1996	PET	Overt	Objects only	Colored squares.	Say name color
H Zelkowicz et al.,1998	PET	Overt	Not specified	Non‐objects	Say “hiya”
H Murtha et al.,1999	PET	Overt	Animals only	Abstract pattern	Say “yes”
H Moore and Price,1999a	PET	Overt	Animals and objects	Non‐objects	Say “OK”
H Moore and Price,1999b	PET	Overt	Animals and objects	Non‐objects	Say “OK”
H Votaw et al.,1999	PET	Overt	Animals only	Abstract figure	Say “large/small”
H Votaw et al.,1999	fMRI	Covert	Animals only	Abstract figure	Say “large/small”
H Kawashima et al.,2001	PET	Covert	Animals and objects	Digits	Read number

A summary of the previously published functional imaging studies of object naming that were included in the meta‐analyses. The two subdivisions refer to object‐naming relative to low level baselines (L) and object‐naming relative to high (speaking) baselines (H).