FIG 1.

Flowchart of registered patients. The 30 pre-/peroperative deaths were a result of treatment-related toxicity (n = 8), tumor progression before any resection (n = 15), during surgery (n = 3), after surgery but without histologically examination (n = 3), and anesthetic accident (n = 1). Diagnosis of the 10 non-Wilms tumor cases excluded postoperatively were clear-cell sarcoma (n = 5), renal carcinoma (n = 2), Burkitt lymphoma (n = 1), neuroblastoma (n = 1), and bilharzia (n = 1). Slides reviewed in four cases confirmed the diagnoses of Burkitt (n = 1) and clear-cell sarcoma (n = 3). Among the 21 high-risk Wilms tumors, review confirmed the diagnosis of blastemal type in two cases and of diffuse anaplastic in two cases.