Table 4.

Gastrointestinal cancer: Included studies evaluating the use of RT for LMD.

References	Study type	Study Pop with LMD (n)	Treatment era (years)	Median age, years	Treatment	Median OS (months)	Conclusions
Lee et al. (60)	Obs	19	1992–2002	48	16% WBRT; 5% FSRT; 5% CSI; 53% ITC	1	ITC improved OS
Lukas et al. (61)	Obs	7	NR	60	14% ITC; 57% WBRT	1.2	LMD from esophageal cancer has a poor prognosis
Kim et al. (62)	Obs	5	1985–1992	43	100% WBRT; 40% ITC	1.4	Neither C or WBRT affected clinical course
Oh et al. (63)	Obs	54	1994–2007	48.5	61% ITC, 24% WBRT + ITC; 11% WBRT; 19% C; 13% C+ITC	1.6	MVA: cytological negative conversion predicts longer survival
Giglio et al. (64)	Obs	21	1944–2002	NR	43% RT; 19% ITC; 5% RT+ITC; 5% RT+C; 19% BSC	1.75	Poor outcomes with GI malignancy BSC may be reasonable alternative
Tomita et al. (65)	Obs	12	2002–2009	63	83% ITC; 58% WBRT	2	Multidisciplinary treatment may benefit select pts
Kim et al. (66)	Obs	9	1995–2010	53	33% BSC; 33% RT; 22% C+RT; 11% ITC	3	LMD is extremely fatal in GI cancer High index of suspicion is needed

RT, radiotherapy; LMD, leptomeningeal disease; Pop, population; Obs, observational study; PP, practice patterns; NR, not reported; BSC, best supportive care; C, chemotherapy alone; ITC, intrathecal chemotherapy; WBRT, whole brain radiotherapy; FSRT, spine RT; CSI, craniospinal RT.