Table 2.

Genotoxicity index (IG) and chromosome aberrations of the root tip cells of H. vulgare L. after pretreatment with 1 mM l-carnitine and unpretreated group germinated in distilled water (negative control; 0 M NaCl) were shown under various salt stress concentrations.

Treatment	Genotoxicity Index (IG)	Disorderly Prophase	Stickiness	Ring Chromosome	Micronucleus	Alignment Anaphase	Fault polarization	Anaphase /Telophase Bridge	Vagrant Chromosome	Multinucleated cells
0 M NaCl (Negative Control)	*0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a
0.25 M NaCl	0.23 ± 0.08d	0.07 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00ab	0.00 ± 0.01ab	0.00 ± 0.01ab	0.00 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a
0.30 M NaCl	0.51 ± 0.03e	0.12 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.02 ± 0.01c	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.01ab	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a
0.35 M NaCl	0.72 ± 0.07e	0.09 ± 0.02b	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.01 ± 0.01c	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00b	0.00 ± 0.01a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a
0 M NaCl + 1 mM LC (Positive Control)	0.08 ± 0.01ab	0.01 ± 0.01a	0.01 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.06 ± 0.00bc
0.25 M NaCl +1 mM LC	0.06 ± 0.04a	0.01 ± 0.02a	0.04 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.01 ± 0.01ab	0.01 ± 0.01a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.04 ± 0.02b
0.30 M NaCl +1 mM LC	0.20 ± 0.04cd	0.01 ± 0.01a	0.03 ± 0.01b	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.01 ± 0.00b	0.02 ± 0.00b	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.00 ± 0.00a	0.16 ± 0.04d
0.35 M NaCl +1 mM LC	0.15 ± 0.05bc	0.02 ± 0.01a	0.04 ± 0.00b	0.01 ± 0.00b	0.01 ± 0.00b	0.02 ± 0.01a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.01 ± 0.02a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.09 ± 0.02c

*Values with insignificant difference (P ≤ 0.05) for each column are indicated with same letters (means ± SD).