TABLE 2.

The efficacy of antibiotic alternatives (phyto chemicals, probiotics, and probiotics and prebiotics) on reducing Campylobacter colonization and counts in broilers.

Phyto chemicals	Solis de los Santos et al. (2008; 2009; 2010) demonstrated that in feed supplementation of Caprylic acid, a medium chain fatty acid consistently reduced Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.
	Kollanoor Johny et al. (2010) previously reported the in vitro ability of thymol and carvacrol to inhibit both Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella Enteritidis in chicken cecal contents.
	Results from Kollanoor Johny et al. (2012) suggest that Transcinnamaldehyde and Eugenol supplemented through feed could reduce Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in market-age chickens.
	Upadhyaya et al. (2013) revealed that antimicrobial wash with Eugenol or carvacrol rapidly inactivated S. Enteritidis on eggs to below detection limit at 32°C.
	Arsi et al. (2014) reported that in feed supplementation of plant extracts such as thymol or carvacrol reduced Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.
	Wagle et al. (2017a) demonstrated that supplementation of β-resorcylic acid in poultry feed for 14 days at 0.5 and 1% reduced Campylobacter populations in cecal contents by ∼ 2.5 and 1.7 Log CFU/g, respectively.
	Use of select doses of β-resorcylic acid showed significant reduction of C. jejuni on chicken skin and meat samples (Wagle et al., 2017b).
Probiotics	Aguiar et al. (2013) selected isolates for enhanced motility and the results from this study demonstrated that motility-enhanced isolates are more efficacious than unenhanced isolates in reducing Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.
	Arsi et al. (2015a) screened 116 isolates of probiotic strains and reported that six out of 116 strains reduced Campylobacter counts by at least 1–2 log.in vivo.
Probiotics and prebiotics	In a separate study, Arsi et al. (2015b) demonstrated that prebiotics did not consistently reduced Campylobacter. However, prebiotics (MOS) did significantly decrease the Campylobacter load when used in combination with Probiotics spp. (Arsi et al., 2015b).