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. 2019;10(5-6):134–149. doi: 10.18632/genesandcancer.194

Figure 8. Model of the opposing effects of Smad2 and Smad3 signaling in cancer cells and normal cells.

Figure 8

The data demonstrate that the consequences of switch from Smad2 to Smad3 signaling pathway results in converting TGF-β from tumor suppressor to pro-oncogene as cells acquire increasing malignant properties through Smad3 mediated TMEPAI expression.