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. 2019 Nov 21;9:17251. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53847-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypic and genetic analysis of surface associated motility genes and biofilm formation. (A) Heatmap outlining the differential expression of genes associated with fimbriae biogenesis, structural organization of T4P and motility, and type I pilus. The majority of motility associated genes are up-regulated (green) in the presence of PF. The asterisks represent the DEGs (adjusted P-value < 0.05 with log₂fold change > 1). (B) Surface motility assays resulted in a decrease in the diameter of motility (mm) when grown in the presence of PF. Experiments were performed in triplicate, with at least three technical replicates per biological replicate. Statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney test) was performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad software, San Diego, CA, USA), and a P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. (C) A heatmap of the differential expression of genes associated with biofilm formation, including ompA, the csu operon and its regulator bfmRS. Asterisks represent the DEGs (adjusted P-value <0.05 with log₂fold change >1). (D) Biofilm assays performed with and without PF show a significant decrease in biofilm formation as represented by OD₅₈₀/OD₆₀₀, when grown in the presence of PF. Experiments were performed in triplicate, with at least three technical replicates per biological replicate. Statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney test) was performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad software, San Diego, CA, USA), and a P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.