Table 3.

Factors associated with severe manifestations of SLE in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, among prevalent SLE cases in San Francisco County, 2007 – 2009

	Lupus Nephritis*		Thrombocytopenia		Neuropsychiatric**		APS		Combined
Variables	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	reference		reference		reference		reference		reference
Non-Hispanic Black	2.4	(1.6 − 3.8)	2.3	(1.1 − 4.4)	1.5	(0.8 − 2.9)	1.5	(0.7 − 3.0)	1.6	(1.1 − 2.2)
API	4.3	(2.9 − 6.4)	2.3	(1.3 − 4.2)	1.1	(0.6 − 2.0)	2.5	(1.4 − 4.4)	2.4	(1.8 − 3.2)
Hispanic	2.3	(1.4 −3.8)	2.2	(1.1 − 4.7)	1.0	(0.4 − 2.5)	2.6	(1.3 − 5.1)	1.4	(0.9 − 2.1)
Sex
Female	reference		reference		reference		reference		reference
Male	1.6	(1.1 − 2.4)	2.1	(1.2 − 3.6)	1.8	(0.9 − 3.6)	1.4	(0.7 − 2.6)	1.8	(1.3 − 2.5)
Age, yr at diagnosis
≤18	1.1	(0.8 − 1.5)	1.0	(0.6 − 1.8)	1.1	(0.6 − 2.2)	1.1	(0.6 − 1.8)	0.9	(0.7 − 1.2)
19–29	reference		reference		reference		reference		reference
30–39	0.8	(0.5 − 1.2)	0.7	(0.4 − 1.4)	0.8	(0.4 − 1.8)	0.7	(0.4 − 1.4)	0.8	(0.5 − 1.1)
40–49	1.0	(0.6 − 1.5)	0.5	(0.2 − 1.1)	1.2	(0.5 − 2.8)	0.7	(0.4 − 1.6)	0.9	(0.7 − 1.4)
50+	1.0	(0.6 – 1.5)	1.6	(0.9 − 2.8)	1.7	(0.8 − 4.0)	1.0	(0.5 − 2.0)	1.4	(1.0 − 2.0)

Calculations based on Cox proportional hazards model that contained each of race/ethnicity, sex, and age at diagnosis.

API = Asian/Pacific Islander, APS = antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Combined outcome = any of lupus nephritis, thrombocytopenia, neuropsychiatric, or APS. HR = hazard ratio. Higher hazards indicate a shorter time to development of specific manifestations.

^*Any of the following surrogate labs were used to define lupus nephritis: 24 hour urine for protein > 500mg, 24 hour urine protein/creatinine ratio > 0.5, or spot protein/creatinine ratio > 0.5.

^**Neuropsychiatric lupus manifestations studied include: seizures, psychosis, and acute confusional state.