Table 3.

Associations Between Birth Measures and TL – each birth measure included in independent regression model without including other birth measures. (mean difference in T/S ratio, 95% CI, p-value)

	Model 1±	Model 2†	Model 3‡
Birth Length, z-score	0.003(−0.004, 0.01)	0.003(−0.004, 0.01)	0.002(−0.005, 0.01)
Birth Weight, z-score	0.009*(0.0007, 0.02)	0.009*(0.0007, 0.02)	0.008(−0.0006, 0.02)
Gestational age at birth, weeks	−0.003(−0.007, 0.001)	−0.003(−0.007, 0.001)	−0.003(−0.007, 0.001)
Maternal age at delivery, years	0.002**(0.0006, 0.003)	0.002**(0.0006, 0.003)	-------
Paternal age at delivery, years	0.003**(0.001, 0.004)	0.003**(0.001, 0.004)	0.003**(0.001, 0.005)
Maternal BMI during pregnancy, kg/m2	0.01(−0.02, 0.05)	0.01(−0.02, 0.05)	0.006(−0.03, 0.04)

^±adjusts for genome wide genetic variation, age at TL measurement and sex (as precision variables)

^†additionally adjusts for two SES measures: household asset index and maternal education at birth (confounders selected a priori)

^‡additionally adjusts for maternal age at delivery (confounder or precision variable)

^*P < 0.05 indicated in bold font with single asterisk

^**double asterisk indicates P < 0.01