Table 2.

Overview of studies evaluating vascular structure and function prior to, during and after pre-eclampsia.

MODALITY	TIMEFRAME
	Prior to PE	During PE	Postpartum
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness	Brueckmann et al. (11) (143 PE cases)	Yuan et al. (15) (22 late-onset PE cases) Stergiotou et al. (13) (100 PE cases; 50 early onset and 50 late-onset) Blaauw et al. (14) (22 early-onset PE cases) Memari et al. (12) (21 PE cases) Mori et al. (16) (30 PE cases; 14 mild and 16 severe PE)	Akhter et al. (20) (23 PE cases) Aykas et al. (53) (25 PE cases) Christensen (67) (21 PE cases; 4 early-onset and 17 late-onset) Ciftci et al. (68) (33 mild PE) Garovic et al. (21) (40 PE cases; 813 PE cases in meta-analysis) Goynumer et al. (18) (34 PE cases) Sandvik et al. (57) (39 PE cases)
Coronary CT and coronary calcium score	No current data	No current data	Beckman et al. (29) (37 PE cases Cassidy-Bushrow et al. (27) (24 PE cases) Sabour et al. (26) (151 had a history of hypertension during pregnancy) White et al. (28) (40 PE cases) Zoet et al. (24) (164 PE cases)
Retinal microvasculature	Lupton et al. (33) (9 PE cases) Porto et al. (41) (10 early-onset PE)	Soma-Pillay et al. (35) (40 PE cases; 24 early-onset and 16 late-onset)	Benschop et al. (5) (63 PE cases) Soma-Pillay et al. (35) (40 PE cases; 24 early-onset and 16 late-onset)
Brachial flow mediated dilatation	Alves et al. (69) (9 early-onset and 22 late-onset PE) Brandao et al. (40) (15 cases; 6 early-onset and 9 late-onset) Brandao et al. (6) (19 PE cases; 8 early-onset and 11 late-onset) Mori et al. (16) (30 PE cases; 14 mild and 16 severe PE) Porto et al. (41) (10 early-onset PE) Savvidou et al. (70) (10 PE cases) Weissgerber et al. (52) (156 PE cases) Magee et al. (71) (6 PE cases)	Adali et al. (72) (35 PE cases) Brodszki et al. (47) (28 PE cases; 15 with bilateral uterine artery notches and 13 without) Guimaraes et al. (44) (42 PE cases) Hamad et al. (48) (35 PE cases; 8 early-onset and 27 late-onset) Mannaerts et al. (73) (33 PE cases) Mori et al. (16) (30 PE cases; 14 mild and 16 severe PE) Oliveira et al. (43) (40 PE cases) Tyldum et al. (45) (20 PE cases; 7 early-onset and 13 late-onset Weissgerber et al. (52) (333 PE cases)	Agatisa et al. (50) (16 PE cases) Aykas et al. (53) (25 PE cases) Barry et al. (74) (49 PE cases) Breetveld et al. (55) (67 PE cases) Goynumer et al. (18) (34 severe PE cases) Hamad et al. (48) (35 PE cases; 8 early-onset and 27 late-onset) Hamad et al. (51) (18 PE cases) Lopes van Balen et al. (54) (79 PE cases) Mori et al. (16) (30 PE cases; 14 mild and 16 severe PE) Ostlund et al. (58) (15 PE cases) Paez et al. (49) (20 PE cases) Sandvik et al. (57) (39 PE cases) Tripathy et al. (75) (45 PE cases) Tyldum et al. (45) (20 PE cases; 7 early-onset and 13 late-onset Weissgerber et al. (52) (429 PE cases <3 years postpartum; 325 PE cases >3 years postpartum) Yinon et al. (76) (24 PE cases; 15 early-onset and 9 late-onset)
Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity	Katsipi et. al (63) (11 early-onset; 10 late-onset—cfPWV measured) Savvidou et al. (62) (29 PE cases—cfPWV measured) Magee et al. (71) (6 PE cases; cfPWV)	Franz et al. (77) (21 PE cases; 11 early-onset and 10 late-onset—AIx measured) Oylumlu et al. (78) (45 PE cases; cfPWV measured) Namugowa et al. (64) (85 PE cases; 64 early-onset and 21 late-onset—cfPWV measured) Robb et al. (65) (15 PE cases; 7 preterm and 8 term—cfPWV measured) Rönnback et al. (79) (26 PE cases—cfPWV measured)	Christensen (67) (21 PE cases; 4 early-onset and 17 late-onset—aortic PWV measured) Lampinen et al. (66) (30 PE cases—PWA assessed) Orabona et al. (80) (30 early-onset and 30 late-onset PE cases—cfPWV measured) Ostlund et al. (58) (15 PE cases—cfPWV measured) Paez et al. (59) (20 PE cases—cfPWV measured) Souwer et al. (81) (14 early-onset PE—PWA assessed)
Peripheral arterial tonometry	Carty et al. (42) (143 PE cases)	Kumer et al. (82) (26 PE cases) Mannaerts et al. (83) (14 PE cases) Mannaerts et al. (73) (33 PE cases) Meeme et al. (46) (105 PE cases)	Kvehaugen et al. (56) (26 PE cases) Orabona et al. (80) (60 PE cases; 30 early-onset and 30 late-onset)