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. 2019 Nov 15;10:1441. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01441

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Copyright © 2019 Ullah, Unsicker, Reichelt, Gershenzon and Hammerbacher

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Transcript levels of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis genes. (A–C) Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and (D–E) anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) transcripts increase in black poplar stems after infection by P. populi compared to wounded controls. The LAR and ANR enzymes are involved in catalyzing the last steps of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ol (e.g., catechin) and 2,3-cis-(−)-flavan-3-ol (e.g., epicatechin) biosynthesis, respectively. The mRNA levels of LAR and ANR genes were measured by qRT-PCR using two technical replicates per sample. Transcript levels of each gene were normalized to ubiquitin expression. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test (*, p ≤ 0.05; **, p < 0.01; and ***, p < 0.001; ns, non-significant). Bars represent mean ± SE (n = 5). dpi, days post inoculation.