Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of “Whether the voucher can encourage the use of health services in private sector”
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Total | No (n = 773) |
Yes (n = 754) |
Adjusted Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
| Demographic | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 650 (39.5) | 295 (38.2) | 316 (41.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 996 (60.5) | 478 (61.8) | 438 (58.1) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.052 | 0.78 (0.61–0.98) | 0.032 |
| Age | |||||||
| 70–74 | 507 (30.8) | 225 (29.1) | 248 (32.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 75–79 | 509 (30.9) | 239 (30.9) | 242 (32.1) | 0.92 (0.70–1.19) | 0.514 | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.667 |
| 80–84 | 409 (24.8) | 196 (25.4) | 180 (23.9) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.117 | 0.81 (0.60–1.10) | 0.180 |
| ≥ 85 | 221 (13.4) | 113 (14.6) | 84 (11.1) | 0.62 (0.43–0.88) | 0.007 | 0.59 (0.40–0.85) | 0.005 |
| Living districts | |||||||
| HK Islands | 425 (25.8) | 231 (29.9) | 164 (21.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Kowloon | 579 (35.2) | 249 (32.2) | 302 (40.1) | 1.92 (1.46–2.54) | < 0.001 | 1.80 (1.34–2.42) | < 0.001 |
| New Territories | 642 (39) | 293 (37.9) | 288 (38.2) | 1.32 (1.00–1.75) | 0.052 | 1.30 (0.96–1.76) | 0.094 |
| Received social security assistance | |||||||
| No | 1474 (89.6) | 708 (91.6) | 657 (87.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 172 (10.4) | 65 (8.4) | 97 (12.9) | 1.55 (1.10–2.20) | 0.013 | 1.36 (0.93–2.01) | 0.114 |
| Had health insurance coverage | |||||||
| No | 1549 (94.1) | 714 (92.4) | 724 (96) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 97 (5.9) | 59 (7.6) | 30 (4.0) | 0.54 (0.34–0.87) | 0.011 | 0.45 (0.27–0.77) | 0.003 |
| Living status | |||||||
| Living with others | 1251 (76) | 610 (78.9) | 557 (73.9) | 1 | – | ||
| Living alone | 395 (24) | 163 (21.1) | 197 (26.1) | 1.31 (1.02–1.68) | 0.036 | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | 0.121 |
| Health condition | |||||||
| Doctor consultation in past one month | |||||||
| No | 479 (29.2) | 210 (27.4) | 233 (30.9) | 1 | – | ||
| Yes | 1160 (70.8) | 557 (72.6) | 520 (69.1) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.583 | ||
| Hospitalization in the past one year | |||||||
| No | 1290 (78.9) | 606 (78.8) | 590 (78.9) | 1 | – | ||
| Yes | 344 (21.1) | 163 (21.2) | 158 (21.1) | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) | 0.436 | ||
| Health condition when compared with other people at the same age | |||||||
| Better | 611 (39.1) | 292 (39.9) | 282 (39.4) | 1 | – | ||
| Fair | 736 (47.1) | 350 (47.8) | 325 (45.5) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 0.586 | ||
| Worse | 216 (13.8) | 90 (12.3) | 108 (15.1) | 1.09 (0.78–1.54) | 0.603 | ||
| Had chronic disease | |||||||
| No | 327 (20) | 160 (20.8) | 139 (18.5) | 1 | – | ||
| Yes | 1310 (80) | 608 (79.2) | 612 (81.5) | 0.95 (0.72–1.24) | 0.684 | ||
| Usual source of care (prior to the use of vouchers) | |||||||
| Public doctors only | 446 (29.3) | 238 (32.6) | 185 (26.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Private doctors only | 332 (21.8) | 173 (23.7) | 130 (18.9) | 0.95 (0.69–1.3) | 0.752 | 0.95 (0.69–1.32) | 0.778 |
| Both public and private doctors | 743 (48.8) | 320 (43.8) | 373 (54.2) | 1.31 (1.01–1.7) | 0.041 | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) | 0.069 |
Both analyses were adjusted by year and recruitment site
Figures may not add up to total number of respondents since we exclude those saying “don’t know”/"don’t remember” or missing;
P-value in univariate analysis indicates the statistical significance of the outcome measure i.e. whether to encourage private health services use with each independent variable
Only significant variables (except sex and age) in univariate analysis were put into multivariate analysis