. 2019 Nov 15;7:320. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00320

Table 1.

Persistent luminescence NPs for bio-imaging and therapy.

Hosts	Dopants	Comments and applications in bio-imaging	References
Gd₂O₂S	Eu³⁺,Mg²⁺,Ti⁴⁺	Regular NP shape, bimodality optical/MRI	Rosticher et al., 2015
Ca₃(PO₄)₂/hydroxyapatite	Mn²⁺,Tb³⁺,Dy³⁺	Fully biocompatible, NPs and in vivo imaging	Rosticher et al., 2015
Ca₂Si₅N₈	Eu²⁺,Tm³⁺	Bioimaging applications	Maldiney et al., 2012
SrAl₂O₄	Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺	NPs, functionalization, Bioimaging applications, green emission	Zeng et al., 2018
Ca_0.2Zn_0.9Mg_0.9Si₂O₆	Mn²⁺,Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺	NPs, functionalization, pioneer work for bio-imaging: cancer cells imaging, cell targeting	de Chermont et al., 2007
Ca_1.86Mg_0.14ZnSi₂O₇	Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺	FRET and various bio-sensing applications	Sun et al., 2018
CaMgSi₂O₆	Mn²⁺,Eu²⁺,Pr³⁺	NPs, functionalization, bio-imaging	Maldiney et al., 2011
MAlO₃ (M = La, Gd)	Mn⁴⁺/Ge⁴⁺	Bio-imaging in pork tissue	Liu et al., 2016
GdAlO₃	Mn⁴⁺,Ge⁴⁺Au Sm³⁺,Cr³⁺	Trimodality imaging Optical and magnetic dual mode imaging	Liu et al., 2016 Li et al., 2018b
ZnGa₂O₄	Cr³⁺	NPs, functionalization, bio-imaging (cancer cells imaging), Cell targeting, cytotoxicity, visible Light NIR photostimulation X-rays activation Oral administration Breast cancer imaging Toxicology analysis Protobiotic analysis	Maldiney et al., 2014a Xue et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2018a Ramirez-Garcia et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017
ZnGa₂O₄ in hollow cavity	Cr³⁺	Photodynamic therapies	Wang et al., 2018
ZnGa₂O₄	Cr³⁺,Gd³⁺	NPs, functionalization, bimodality optical/NMR imaging	Maldiney et al., 2015
ZnGa₂O₄/SiO₂	Cr³⁺	Core-shell structure, drug delivery	Maldiney et al., 2014b
ZnGa₂O₄/Fe₂O₃	Cr³⁺	Cell labeling and magnetic vectorization	Teston et al., 2018
ZGOCS@m-SiO₂@Gd₂O₃	Cr³⁺	Multimodal nanoprobes	Zou et al., 2017
Zn_1.1Ga_1.8Ge_0.1O₄/SiO₂	Cr³⁺,Eu³⁺	NPs, core-shell structure, drug delivery	Shi et al., 2015a
Zn₃Ga₂Ge₂O₁₀	Cr³⁺	Imaging of pork tissue, Photostimulation, cytotoxicity	Li et al., 2014a
Zn_1.1Ga_1.8Ge_0.1O₄@SiO₂	Cr³⁺	Bio-imaging and drug delivery	Liu et al., 2018b
Zn_1.25Ga_1.5Ge_0.25O₄	Cr³⁺,Yb³⁺,Er³⁺	Metastasis tracking and chemo-photodynamic therapy	Li et al., 2018c
Zn_1.1Ga_1.8Ge_0.1O₄	Cr³⁺	Nanothermometry	Yang et al., 2017a
Zn₃Ga₂Sn₁O₁₀	Cr³⁺	Imaging of goldfish	Li et al., 2014b
Zn_2.94Ga_1.96Ge₂O₁₀	Cr³⁺,Pr³⁺	NPs, functionalization	Abdukayum et al., 2013
Zn₃Ga₂Ge₂O₁₀	Cr³⁺	Recognition of breast cancer cells	Li et al., 2015b
Zn₃Ga₂GeO₈	Cr³⁺,Yb³⁺,Er³⁺	Upconversion	Liu et al., 2014b
LiGa₅O₈	Cr³⁺/PEG-OCH₃	NPs, functionalization, bio-imaging, Visible light stimulation, photostimulation	Liu et al., 2013; Fu et al., 2014
Ca₃Ga₂Ge₃O₁₂	Cr³⁺,Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ Pr³⁺,Yb³⁺	NIR stimulation, upconversion in vivo imaging	Chen et al., 2014; Dai et al., 2017
m-SiO₂@Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂	Cr³⁺,Nd³⁺	Multimodal imaging and cancer therapy	Shi et al., 2018
Sr₂SnO₄	Nd³⁺	Finger image	Kamimura et al., 2014
SiO₂/CaMgSi₂O₆	Eu²⁺,Pr³⁺,Mn²⁺	Bio-imaging, intraperitoneal injection Photostimulation imaging of pork tissue	Li et al., 2014c
Y₃Al₂Ga₃O₁₂	Er³⁺,Cr³⁺	Imaging in the second biological window	Xu et al., 2018b
NaYF₄ + SrAl₂O₄	Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺, Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺	Upconversion & photodynamic therapy	Hu et al., 2018b
Sr₂MgSi₂O₇	Eu²⁺/³⁺,Dy³⁺	Photodynamic activation Visualization of abdominal inflammation	Homayoni et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2018
La₃Ga₅GeO₁₄@SiO₂@Van(vancomycin)	Cr³⁺,Zn²⁺	Bio-imaging-guided in vivo & drug delivery	Zhan et al., 2018
CaTiO₃	Pr³⁺,Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺	Upconverting and guided photothermal therapy	Zhao et al., 2017
ZnSn₂O₄	Cr³⁺,Eu³⁺	Cellular and deep tissue imaging	Li et al., 2017a
Sr₃Sn₂O₇	Nd³⁺	Second window imaging	Kamimura et al., 2017