Table 3.

Subset of studies demonstrating the magnitude of the difference in built environment effect.

Study (organized by type of walking or PA)	Built environment effect for disadvantaged	Built environment effect for advantaged
Transport walking
Built environment effect by income (Sallis et al.)	132%	410%
Built environment effect by income (Sundquist et al.)	50%	80%
Built environment effect by race/ethnicity (Forsyth et al.)	−34%	132%
Built environment effect by education (Forsyth et al.)	131%	108%
Average built environment effect on transport walking	70%	183%
Advantaged to disadvantaged effect ratio for transport walking		2.6:1
Physical activity
Built environment effect by income (Arvidsson et al.)	8%	10%
Built environment effect by income (McCormack et al.)	39%	61%
Built environment effect by income (Sallis et al.)	17%	23%
Built environment effect by income (Sundquist et al.): bouts	−8%	21%
Built environment effect by income (Sundquist et al.): minutes	−3%	21%
Average built environment effect on physical activity	11%	27%
Advantaged to disadvantaged effect ratio for physical activity		2.6:1
Leisure walking
Built environment effect by income (Sallis et al.)	23%	41%
Built environment effect by income (Sundquist et al.)	13%	50%
Built environment effect by race/ethnicity (Forsyth et al.)	−17%	−29%
Built environment effect by education (Forsyth et al.)	−18%	−40%
Average built environment effect on leisure walking	0.3%	6%
Advantaged to disadvantaged effect ratio for leisure walking		24:1
Other
Built environment effect by race/ethnicity (Forsyth et al.): distance	83%	44%
Built environment effect by education (Forsyth et al.): distance	18%	54%
Total
Unweighted average built environment effect	30%	69%
Median built environment effect	18%	47%
Advantaged to disadvantage effect ratio (based on mean)		2.3:1
Advantaged to disadvantage effect ratio (based on median)		2.7:1