Table 5. Hierarchical regression predicting head circumference for gestational age (Z-score; N Final model = 888).
| Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | Block 4 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Coefficient | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | Coefficient | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | Coefficient | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | Coefficient | 95% CI LL | 95% CI UL | |
| Demographics | |||||||||||||
| Clinic | |||||||||||||
| Mbekweni | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| TC Newman | -0.247* | -0.460 | -0.034 | -0.271* | -0.516 | -0.026 | -0.195 | -0.452 | 0.062 | -0.060 | -0.345 | 0.225 | |
| Maternal age | 0.032** | 0.013 | 0.050 | 0.030** | 0.009 | 0.051 | 0.036** | 0.015 | 0.057 | 0.022 | -0.001 | 0.046 | |
| Married or cohabitating | 0.028 | -0.185 | 0.240 | 0.050 | -0.173 | 0.273 | 0.058 | -0.167 | 0.283 | -0.021 | -0.253 | 0.210 | |
| SES | |||||||||||||
| Low | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Low-moderate | -0.233 | -0.505 | 0.040 | -0.175 | -0.457 | 0.108 | -0.173 | -0.457 | 0.110 | -0.151 | -0.438 | 0.135 | |
| Moderate-high | -0.307* | -0.582 | -0.032 | -0.311* | -0.596 | -0.025 | -0.293* | -0.582 | -0.004 | -0.270 | -0.564 | 0.024 | |
| High | -0.040 | -0.329 | 0.248 | -0.055 | -0.357 | 0.247 | -0.101 | -0.405 | 0.204 | -0.107 | -0.421 | 0.207 | |
| Food Insecure | -0.088 | -0.305 | 0.130 | -0.004 | -0.234 | 0.226 | 0.030 | -0.206 | 0.266 | 0.024 | -0.215 | 0.262 | |
| Pregnancy and Physical Health | |||||||||||||
| BMI at Enrollment | 0.003 | -0.014 | 0.021 | -0.003 | -0.021 | 0.015 | -0.009 | -0.028 | 0.009 | ||||
| Pregnancy Complications | |||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 0.235 | -0.309 | 0.778 | 0.320 | -0.227 | 0.867 | 0.270 | -0.298 | 0.838 | ||||
| (Pre)-eclampsia | 0.059 | -0.612 | 0.731 | 0.031 | -0.636 | 0.698 | 0.068 | -0.602 | 0.738 | ||||
| Anaemia | 0.085 | -0.160 | 0.331 | 0.070 | -0.178 | 0.318 | 0.042 | -0.205 | 0.290 | ||||
| Gestational diabetes | 1.107 | -0.007 | 2.221 | 1.348* | 0.168 | 2.527 | 1.386* | 0.211 | 2.560 | ||||
| Asthma | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
| HIV Infected | -0.056 | -0.335 | 0.222 | 0.002 | -0.281 | 0.285 | 0.016 | -0.269 | 0.302 | ||||
| Mental Health and Psychosocial Factors | |||||||||||||
| Depressive Symptoms (EPDS score) | -0.017 | -0.040 | 0.007 | -0.013 | -0.036 | 0.010 | |||||||
| Psychological Distress (SRQ-20) | -0.027 | -0.059 | 0.005 | -0.028 | -0.060 | 0.004 | |||||||
| IPV during pregnancy | -0.048 | -0.276 | 0.181 | -0.029 | -0.260 | 0.201 | |||||||
| Substance Use During Pregnancy & Primigravida | |||||||||||||
| Alcohol use (moderate-high risk) | -0.440* | -0.779 | -0.101 | ||||||||||
| Cotinine level | |||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| Passive | 0.176 | -0.093 | 0.444 | ||||||||||
| Active | -0.193 | -0.515 | 0.130 | ||||||||||
| Primigravida | -0.376** | -0.649 | -0.103 | ||||||||||
| R2 | p-value | R2 | p-value | R2 | p-value | R2 | p-value | ||||||
| 0.029 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.054 | <0.001 | 0.077 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Change R2 | p-value | Change R2 | p-value | Change R2 | p-value | ||||||||
| 0.009 | 0.351 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.023 | <0.001 | ||||||||
*p<0.05
**p<0.01
***p<0.001; 95% CI LL = 95% Confidence Interval Lower Limit, 95% CI UL = 95% Confidence Interval Upper Limit