Table 9.
Mean skin tannin structural characteristics in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons.
| 2010/2011 | 2011/2012 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Skin % G |
Skin % P |
mDP | avMM | Treatment | Skin % G |
Skin % P |
mDP | avMM |
| Standard (control) | 0.8 ± 0.7 a | 54.3 ± 3.2 | 26.2 ± 7.3 c | 7,824.1 ± 2,179 c | Standard (control) | 0.8 ± 0.3 c | 57.5 ± 2.6 ab | 46.4 ± 7.3 a | 13,837.0 ± 2,206 a |
| Leaf removal west | 0.6 ± 0.6 b | 55.3 ± 4.0 | 29.9 ± 8.6 b | 8,899.4 ± 2,585 b | Leaf removal west | 0.7 ± 0.3 c | 57.8 ± 2.4 a | 42.3± 6.5 b | 12,620.5 ± 1,934 b |
| STD-UV-B | 0.4 ± 0.3 c | 53.9 ± 2.8 | 31.4 ± 9.0 b | 9,330.5± 2,695 b | LR (-UV-B, -PAR) | 1.4 ± 0.7 a | 56.7 ± 3.2 c | 32.6 ± 4.6 c | 9,740.8 ± 1,372 c |
| LRW-UV-B | 0.5 ± 0.3 bc | 54.7 ± 2.6 | 35.6 ± 8.4 a | 10,614.2 ± 2,523 a | LR (-UV-B, 2xUHI) | 0.9 ± 0.3 b | 56.9 ± 2.5 cb | 46.5 ± 9.1 a | 13,895.6 ± 2,738 a |
| Significance | *** | ns | *** | *** | Significance | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Means in columns followed by a different letter are significantly different within one season. Mass conversion based on percent recovery of proanthocyanidin by phloroglucinolysis; mDP, mean degree of polymerization; %G, percentage galloylation; %P, percentage prodelphinidins; avMM, average molecular mass. STD (shaded/control); LRW (leaf removal west); STD with decreased UV-B radiation (STD-UV-B); LRW with decreased UV-B radiation (LRW-UV-B); LR (-UV-B, -PAR) (leaf removal with decreased UV-B radiation and 2xOp50 UV sheets added on both sides of the bunch zone); LR-UV-B, 2xUHI (leaf removal with decreased UV-B radiation and 2xUHI UV sheets added on both sides of the bunch zone). Different letters indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively; ns, not significant.