Table 4.
OLS regressions of lifetime OOP medical expenditures by spending categories
| Total [1] | Drugs [2] | Nursing h. [3] | Doctor [4] | Hospital [5] | Other [6] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dementia probability six months prior to death | 38,540*** [5,617] | −154 [1,765] | 37,729*** [4,372] | −995 [731] | 1,527 [1,094] | 432 [1,246] |
| Years alive | 1,726*** [222] | 918*** [75] | 137 [173] | 588*** [34] | −33 [70] | 115*** [38] |
| Less than high school | −6,804** [3,371] | −126 [1,127] | −4,212 [2,640] | −1,217** [519] | 118 [832] | −1,368** [551] |
| High school | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Some college | 12,781*** [4,429] | 6,037*** [2,174] | 1,100 [2,827] | 3,270*** [687] | 825 [966] | 1,550 [1,380] |
| College or more | 22,891*** [5,124] | 3,969** [1,742] | 10,983*** [4,141] | 5,904*** [890] | 801 [1,120] | 1,234 [1,103] |
| Female | 10,381*** [3,342] | 4,368*** [1,308] | 5,363** [2,504] | 653 [522] | −933 [754] | 931 [811] |
| Ever single | 6,467* [3,386] | 670 [1,391] | 3,301 [2,446] | 453 [623] | 366 [967] | 1,677** [789] |
| Years single | 273 [255] | −96 [105] | 484** [200] | −78* [40] | 11 [47] | −49 [53] |
| Black | −11,599*** [4,201] | −2,841* [1,560] | −9,712*** [3,070] | −1,080* [557] | 999 [1,273] | 1,036 [952] |
| Other race | −682 [9,031] | −1,311 [3,355] | 2,560 [7,145] | −1,654* [939] | 928 [1,988] | −1,205** [557] |
| Hispanic | −14,539*** [4,121] | −4,533** [1,769] | −6,281** [2,798] | −2,690*** [655] | −772 [1,548] | −263 [514] |
| Lifetime earnings quintiles | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 2nd quintile | 7,196* [3,789] | 3,399** [1,356] | 54 [2,835] | 2,145*** [693] | 680 [1,170] | 918 [816] |
| 3rd quintile | 7,263** [3,517] | 2,681** [1,313] | 4,022 [2,594] | 276 [605] | −115 [1,245] | 399 [752] |
| 4th quintile | 23,876*** [4,941] | 8,844*** [1,949] | 10,542*** [3,500] | 1,633** [709] | 994 [1,568] | 1,864 [1,454] |
| Highest quintile | 24,485*** [5,567] | 7,643*** [2,133] | 11,640*** [4,306] | 3,863*** [979] | 676 [1,396] | 663 [1,057] |
| Ever hypertension | 1,635 [3,109] | 3,203*** [1,090] | −909 [2,191] | −535 [539] | 570 [790] | −694 [1,018] |
| Ever diabetes | 7,742** [3,297] | 5,518*** [1,689] | 889 [2,281] | 788 [494] | 435 [763] | 112 [569] |
| Ever cancer | 1,113 [2,683] | −87 [1,043] | 517 [1,958] | 742 [476] | −95 [717] | 35 [665] |
| Ever lung disease | 2,428 [3,194] | 1,385 [1,245] | −90 [2,376] | 85 [493] | 359 [816] | 689 [716] |
| Ever heart condition | 3,401 [3,063] | 3,604*** [1,191] | −1,522 [2,198] | 197 [484] | −123 [790] | 1,246 [760] |
| Ever stroke | 1,189 [3,353] | 2,681** [1,290] | −2,956 [2,462] | 789 [548] | 16 [637] | 660 [1,004] |
| Ever psychiatric problems | 6,899** [3,472] | 1,118 [1,376] | 5,127* [2,701] | 560 [545] | −29 [697] | 123 [563] |
| Ever arthritis | 1,232 [3,311] | 1,128 [1,485] | 1,229 [2,017] | 131 [538] | −188 [1,096] | −1,069 [1,195] |
| No children | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 1 child | 2,706 [7,956] | 1,326 [2,698] | 4,173 [6,767] | −1,285 [933] | −1,026 [1,737] | −482 [1,011] |
| 2 children | −2,994 [5,530] | 2,264 [1,804] | −5,444 [4,519] | 93 [868] | −415 [1,705] | 508 [1,346] |
| 3-6 children | −12,126** [4,894] | −198 [1,594] | −11,035*** [4,108] | −114 [813] | 125 [1,697] | −903 [802] |
| 7+ children | −14,459*** [5,081] | −584 [1,764] | −13,837*** [4,112] | 478 [935] | −1,211 [1,671] | 695 [1,293] |
| Constant | −15,166* [7,825] | −9,595*** [2,428] | −7,214 [6,220] | −2,275* [1,164] | 4,582 [2,851] | −665 [1,177] |
Notes: N = 3,766. Bootstrapped standard errors in brackets.
***
p<0.01
**
p<0.05
*
p<0.1.
Sample members are followed from age 65 to death. Expenditures are in 2014 dollars. 0% discount rate used. Weighted by the sample weight in the last HRS interview.