Table 2. Clinical signs and outcomes in wildlife and nonequine domestic animals tested for WNV upon submission to Centre for Viral Zoonoses, South Africa, 2010–2018*.
| Variable |
No. WNV positive/total no. animals (%) |
No. WNV negative/total no. animals (%) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
p value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sign | ||||
| Fever | 2/8 (25.0) | 44/496 (8.9) | 3.4 (0.7–17.2) | 0.2 |
| Neurologic signs | 4/8 (50.0) | 422/496 (85.1) | 0.2 (0.0–0.6) | <0.05 |
| Ataxia | 2/8 (25.0) | 102/496 (20.6) | 1.3 (0.3–6.3) | 1.0 |
| Paralysis | 1/8 (12.5) | 63/496 (12.7) | 0.9 (0.1–8.0) | 1.0 |
| Hind leg paralysis | 1/8 (12.5) | 22/496 (4.4) | 3.0 (0.4–25.7) | 0.3 |
| Paresis | 2/8 (25.0) | 118/496 (23.8) | 1.1 (0.2–5.3) | 1.0 |
| Tongue paralysis | 0/8 | 4/496 (0.8) | Undefined | 1 |
| Recumbency | 2/8 (25.0) | 103/496 (20.8) | 1.3 (0.3–6.3) | 0.7 |
| Dyspnea | 3/8 (37.5) | 78/496 (15.7) | 3.2 (0.7–13.5) | 0.1 |
| Hemorrhage | 0/8 | 11/496 (2.2) | Undefined | 1 |
| Blindness | 0/8 | 11/496 (2.2) | Undefined | 1 |
| Icterus | 0/8 | 2/496 (0.4) | Undefined | 1 |
| Seizure |
0/8 |
30/496 (6.0) |
Undefined |
1 |
| Outcome‡ | ||||
| Sudden unexpected death | 2/11 (18.2) | 76/608 (12.5) | 1.5 (0.3–7.2) | 0.4 |
| Stillborn | 1/11 (9.1) | 15/608 (2.5) | 3.9 (0.5–32.3) | 0.3 |
| Abortion | 0/11 | 24/608 (4.0) | Undefined | 1 |
| Congenital deformities | 0/11 | 11/608 (1.8) | Undefined | 1 |
| Death | 9/11 (81.8) | 510/608 (84.4) | 0.8 (0.2–3.6) | 0.4 |
*WNV, West Nile virus. †p values <0.05 are significant. ‡Sudden unexplained death indicates animals found dead without an obvious reason; stillborn, abortion, and congenital deformities are related to potential cross-placental transmission; death refers to sick animals that subsequently died.