. 2019 Nov 22;9:17386. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53978-6

Table 2.

Description of body awareness tasks.

Task Name	Task Description	Study
Blood Glucose Accuracy	Participants report blood glucose levels, compared with actual levels.	Kiken 2018²⁵
Heartbeat Arousal	Participants report arousal levels every minute, compared with heartbeat to calculate cross-correlation.	Sze 2010³⁰
Heartbeat Detection	Tones are played either concurrently or non-concurrently with heartbeat, participants detect when concurrent.	Nielsen 2006³⁹, Melloni 2013*³⁸
Heartbeat Tracking	Participants count their heartbeats over a short period, and then report total at the end. Total counted is compared to actual.	Parkin 2014²⁶, Otten 2015²⁹, Aaron 2017³⁴, Bornemann 2017²⁷, Fischer 2017³⁵
Joint Kinesthesia	Participants knee joints are moved until the participant detects movement. Degrees of movement is reported.	Wooten 2018²⁸
Joint Position Sense	Participants knee joints are moved through a range of angles. The participant reports when their knee joint reaches a target angle. The difference between the actual angle and target angle is computed.	Wooten 2018²⁸
Proprioceptive Drift	Participant’s proprioceptive mapping is assessed with the rubber hand illusion (Botvinick & Cohen, 1998)⁸⁷	Cebolla 2016⁴², Xu et al. 2018⁴⁰
Respiratory Load Detection	Participants breath through a tube, and various levels of resistance are put in the air flow. Participants detect whether or not resistor is present.	Daubenmeier 2013³⁶
Respiratory Load Discrimination	Participants breath through a tube, and various levels of resistance are put in the air flow. Participants rate the level of resistance, correspondence is quantified.	Daubenmeier 2013³⁶
Respiratory Tracking	Participants move dial to indicate breath depth. Tidal volume of breath is measured. Cross-correlation of dial ratings and tidal volume is calculated.	Daubenmeier 2013³⁶
Skin Conductance Arousal	Same as Heartbeat Arousal, but skin conductance and other physiological measures are compared with arousal rating.	Sze 2010³⁰
Tactile Detection**	Participants receive vibrating stimulus on left index finger at the threshold of detection. Report yes or no for presence of stimulus.	Mirams 2013³¹
Tactile Sensitivity	Participants rate tactile sensitivity of their body parts. Ratings are compared to literature data collected by two-point discrimination.	Fox 2012³⁷

*Melloni et al.³⁸ conducted heartbeat detection variant, they had participants tap a mouse for every heartbeat registered.

**Mirams et al.³¹ report signal detection measures. In our quantitative synthesis we use sensitivity or d’, as it is a special case of accuracy (with bias removed).