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. 2019 Nov 22;9:17370. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53960-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Similarity of degradation and binding response I-V curves of nonfunctionalized (a,c,e) and Au NP (b,d,f) decorated ZnO NW sensors after being exposed to 1x PBS solutions or different DNA concentrations. ZnO degradation from aqueous solution exposure produces sensor responses difficult to differentiate from negatively charged analyte binding (a–d). HfO₂ passivation (10 nm via ALD) limits NW conductivity change with solution exposure (e) and Au NP decoration preserves sensitivity to DNA binding and hybridization (f).