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. 2019 Nov 22;9:17399. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53976-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison between the male urethral microbiota and female vaginal microbiota of cage-mates. Violin plots showing unweight UniFrac distance of the adult vaginal microbiota to the urethral microbiota of the adult males. Data is plotted separately for female animals in the same breeding group (cage-mates) and females of other breeding groups (other) (Mann-Witney t-test ***p ≤ 0.0001). For further subdivision by lactation status and sexual cycle phase see Fig. S7.