Table 1.
Patients baseline characteristics
| Parameter | Combined cohort (N = 75) | Helsinki cohort (N = 59) | Stockholm cohort (N = 16) | p value | Active treatment cohort (N = 59) | Inactive treatment cohort (N = 16) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demography | |||||||
| Age | 41.0 (26.0–52.0) | 41.0 (26.0–51.0) | 42.5 (26.0–55.0) | 0.637 | 41.0 (26.0–53.0) | 41.5 (27.0–47.0) | 0.796 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 68 (91%) | 54 (92%) | 14 (88%) | 0.637 | 53 (90%) | 15 (94%) | 1.000 |
| Female | 7 (9%) | 5 (9%) | 2 (13%) | 6 (10%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| Admission | |||||||
| Weapon type | |||||||
| Firearm | 51 (68%) | 40 (68%) | 11 (69%) | 0.129 | 35 (59%) | 16 (100%) | 0.025 |
| Nail gun | 10 (13%) | 10 (17%) | 0 | 10 (17%) | 0 | ||
| Sharp object | 10 (13%) | 7 (12%) | 3 (19%) | 10 (17%) | 0 | ||
| Other | 4 (5%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (13%) | 4 (7%) | 0 | ||
| Self-inflicted injurya | 48 (64%) | 41 (69%) | 7 (44%) | 0.214 | 37 (63%) | 11 (69%) | 1.000 |
| Pre-hospital physician involvementb | 51 (68%) | 37 (63%) | 14 (88%) | 0.028 | 39 (66%) | 12 (75%) | 0.762 |
| Inter-hospital transfer | 14 (19%) | 11 (19%) | 3 (19%) | 1.000 | 13 (24%) | 0 | 0.032 |
| Admission delay | |||||||
| < 1 h | 18 (24%) | 16 (27%) | 2 (13%) | 0.181 | 13 (22%) | 5 (31%) | 0.103 |
| 1–2 h | 36 (48%) | 25 (42%) | 11 (69%) | 26 (44%) | 10 (63%) | ||
| >2 h | 19 (25%) | 17 (29%) | 3 (19%) | 18 (31%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| Missing | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (6%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | ||
| GCS score | |||||||
| 3–8 | 40 (53%) | 32 (54%) | 8 (50%) | 0.793 | 24 (41%) | 16 (100%) | < 0.001 |
| 9–12 | 10 (13%) | 7 (12%) | 3 (19%) | 10 (17%) | 0 | ||
| 13–15 | 24 (32%) | 19 (32%) | 5 (31%) | 24 (41%) | 0 | ||
| Missing | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | 1 (2%) | 0 | ||
| GCS motor scale | |||||||
| 1 | 20 (27%) | 16 (27%) | 4 (25%) | 0.289 | 8 (14%) | 12 (75%) | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 10 (13%) | 7 (12%) | 3 (19%) | 6 (10%) | 4 (25%) | ||
| 3 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 0 | ||
| 4 | 8 (11%) | 8 (14%) | 0 | 8 (14%) | 0 | ||
| 5 | 8 (11%) | 7 (12%) | 1 (6%) | 8 (14%) | 0 | ||
| 6 | 28 (37%) | 21 (36%) | 7 (44%) | 28 (48%) | 0 | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Pupil responsiveness | |||||||
| Both | 37 (49%) | 31 (53%) | 6 (38%) | 0.453 | 36 (61%) | 1 (6%) | <0.001 |
| One | 8 (11%) | 7 (12%) | 1 (6%) | 7 (12%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| None | 27 (36%) | 19 (32%) | 8 (50%) | 13 (22%) | 14 (88%) | ||
| Missing | 3 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 0 | ||
| Hypotensiona, c | 17 (23%) | 13 (22%) | 4 (25%) | 1.000 | 14 (24%) | 3 (19%) | 1.000 |
| Hypoxiad, e | 13 (17%) | 12 (20%) | 1 (6%) | 0.673 | 7 (12%) | 6 (38%) | 0.065 |
| Coagulopathyf, g | 8 (11%) | 6 (10%) | 2 (13%) | 0.615 | 7 (12%) | 1 (6%) | 0.673 |
| Radiology | |||||||
| Perforating | 26 (35%) | 22 (37%) | 4 (25%) | 0.555 | 15 (25%) | 11 (69%) | 0.002 |
| Entry | |||||||
| Frontobasal | 26 (35%) | 22 (37%) | 4 (25%) | 0.528 | 20 (34%) | 6 (38%) | 0.062 |
| Temporal | 35 (47%) | 27 (46%) | 8 (50%) | 25 (42%) | 10 (63%) | ||
| Other | 14 (19%) | 10 (17%) | 4 (25%) | 14 (24%) | 0 | ||
| Exit | |||||||
| Frontobasal | 7 (9%) | 6 (10) | 1 (6%) | 0.755 | 5 (9%) | 2 (13%) | 0.004 |
| Temporal | 11 (15%) | 10 (17%) | 1 (6%) | 5 (9%) | 6 (38%) | ||
| Other | 8 (11%) | 6 (10%) | 2 (13%) | 5 (9%) | 3 (19%) | ||
| Trajectory | |||||||
| Monohemispheric | 39 (52%) | 32 (54%) | 7 (44%) | 0.575 | 35 (59%) | 4 (25%) | 0.023 |
| Bihemispheric | 34 (45%) | 27 (46%) | 7 (44%) | 1.000 | 22 (37%) | 12 (75%) | 0.010 |
| Unilobar | 18 (24%) | 14 (24%) | 4 (25%) | 1.000 | 18 (31%) | 0 | 0.008 |
| Multilobar | 55 (73%) | 45 (76%) | 10 (63%) | 0.341 | 39 (66%) | 16 (100%) | 0.004 |
| Posterior fossa | 14 (19%) | 7 (12%) | 7 (44%) | 0.008 | 14 (24%) | 0 | 0.032 |
| Transventricular | 33 (44%) | 28 (48%) | 5 (31%) | 0.273 | 21 (36%) | 12 (75%) | 0.009 |
| In proximity to COWh | 25 (33%) | 20 (34%) | 5 (31%) | 1.000 | 19 (32%) | 6 (38%) | 0.768 |
| Bone or projectile fragments present | 65 (87%) | 53 (90%) | 12 (75%) | 0.206 | 49 (83%) | 16 (100%) | 0.081 |
| Basal cisterns | |||||||
| Normal | 25 (33%) | 19 (32%) | 6 (38%) | 0.067 | 25 (42%) | 0 | < 0.001 |
| Compressed | 36 (48%) | 26 (44%) | 10 (63%) | 32 (54%) | 4 (25%) | ||
| Obliterated | 14 (19%) | 14 (24%) | 0 | 2 (3%) | 12 (75%) | ||
| Midline shift | |||||||
| 0 mm | 41 (53%) | 33 (56%) | 7 (44%) | 0.753 | 34 (58%) | 6 (38%) | 0.031 |
| 1–5 mm | 10 (13%) | 7 (12%) | 3 (19%) | 9 (15%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| 5–10 mm | 17 (23%) | 13 (22%) | 4 (25%) | 13 (22%) | 4 (25%) | ||
| > 10 mm | 8 (11%) | 6 (10%) | 2 (13%) | 3 (5%) | 5 (31%) | ||
| Mass lesion > 25 cm3 | 23 (31%) | 18 (31%) | 5 (31%) | 1.000 | 11 (19%) | 12 (75%) | < 0.001 |
| EDH | 2 (3%) | 0 | 2 (13%) | 0.043 | 2 (3%) | 0 | 1.000 |
| SDH | 48 (64%) | 36 (61%) | 12 (75%) | 0.386 | 32 (54%) | 16 (100%) | < 0.001 |
| ICH | 56 (75%) | 44 (75%) | 12 (75%) | 1.000 | 41 (70%) | 15 (94%) | 0.056 |
| Bilateral SDH | 10 (15%) | 10 (17%) | 1 (6%) | 0.439 | 4 (7%) | 7 (44%) | 0.001 |
| tSAH in convexities | |||||||
| 0 mm | 13 (17%) | 11 (19%) | 2 (13%) | 0.004 | 13 (22%) | 0 | 0.013 |
| 1–5 mm | 15 (20%) | 7 (12%) | 8 (50%) | 14 (24%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| > 5 mm | 47 (63%) | 41 (70%) | 6 (38%) | 32 (54%) | 15 (94%) | ||
| tSAH in basal cisterns | |||||||
| 0 mm | 41 (55%) | 33 (56%) | 8 (50%) | 0.189 | 34 (58%) | 7 (44%) | 0.433 |
| 1–5 mm | 9 (12%) | 5 (9%) | 4 (25%) | 6 (10%) | 3 (19%) | ||
| > 5 mm | 25 (33%) | 21 (36%) | 4 (25%) | 19 (32%) | 6 (38%) | ||
| IVH | 39 (52%) | 33 (56%) | 6 (38%) | 0.261 | 24 (41%) | 15 (94%) | < 0.001 |
| Leroux IVH score | |||||||
| 0 | 36 (48%) | 26 (44%) | 10 (63%) | 0.048 | 35 (59%) | 1 (6%) | < 0.001 |
| 1–10 | 23 (31%) | 17 (29%) | 6 (38%) | 18 (31%) | 5 (31%) | ||
| > 10 | 16 (21%) | 16 (27%) | 0 | 6 (10%) | 10 (63%) | ||
| Acute hydrocephalus | 19 (25%) | 9 (15%) | 10 (63%) | <0.001 | 14 (24%) | 5 (31%) | 0.533 |
| DAI | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
| CTA performed | 19 (25%) | 17 (29%) | 2 (13%) | 0.330 | 16 (27%) | 3 (19%) | 0.747 |
| DSA performed | 10 (13%) | 10 (17%) | 0 | 0.107 | 10 (17%) | 0 | 0.107 |
| Confirmed arterial injury | 6 (8%) | 6 (10%) | 0 | 0.331 | 5 (9%) | 1 (6%) | 1.000 |
| Marshall CT classification | |||||||
| I | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.458 | 0 | 0 | < 0.001 |
| II | 22 (29%) | 16 (27%) | 6 (38%) | 22 (37%) | 0 | ||
| III | 20 (27%) | 18 (31%) | 2 (13%) | 17 (29%) | 3 (19%) | ||
| IV | 10 (13%) | 7 (12%) | 3 (19%) | 9 (15%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| V or VI | 23 (31%) | 18 (31%) | 5 (31%) | 11 (19%) | 12 (75%) | ||
| Rotterdam CT score | |||||||
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.640 | 0 | 0 | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 9 (12%) | 6 (10%) | 3 (19%) | 9 (15%) | 0 | ||
| 3 | 13 (17%) | 10 (17%) | 3 (19%) | 13 (22%) | 0 | ||
| 4 | 23 (31%) | 19 (32%) | 4 (25%) | 22 (37%) | 1 (6%) | ||
| 5 | 24 (32%) | 18 (31%) | 6 (38%) | 15 (25%) | 9 (56%) | ||
| 6 | 6 (8%) | 6 (10%) | 0 | 0 | 6 (38%) | ||
| Helsinki CT score | 6 (3–10) | 6 (3–10) | 6 (3–8) | 0.324 | 5 (2–8) | 13 (10–14) | < 0.001 |
| Stockholm CT score | 3.2 (2.0–4.0) | 3.2 (2.0–4.0) | 3.1 (1.5–4.2) | 0.315 | 2.6 (2.0–4.0) | 4.4 (4.0–5.1) | < 0.001 |
Categorical data presented as N (%) and continuous variables presented as median (IRQ). COW, circle of Willis; CT, computerized tomography; CTA, computerized tomography angiography; DAI, diffuse axonal injury; DSA, digital subtraction angiography; EDH, epidural hematoma; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ICH, intracerebral hematoma; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; SDH, subdural hematoma; tSAH, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Data missing for a = 2, b = 1, d = 8, f = 4 patients
cSystolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg at any time prior to admission
eBlood oxygen saturation < 90% at any time prior to admission
gInternational normalized ratio ≥ 1.5 or activated partial thromboplastin time > 36 s or thrombocyte count < 100,000 mm3
hWithin 2 cm of COW