Table 2.

Estimates of fracturing on infants’ health (1996–2005)

Variables	0–1 km	1–5 km	5–10 km	10–20 km
Dependent variable: total birth weight
Distance	− 0.021	− 0.016	− 0.011	− 0.008
	[0.11]	[0.13]	[0.17]	[0.19]
Mother’s age	− 0.214**	− 0.227**	− 0.251**	− 0.244**
	[0.04]	[0.04]	[0.03]	[0.03]
Mother’s education	0.320***	0.334***	0.329***	0.358***
	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]
Mother’s ethnicity/race	0.049	0.056	0.053	0.062
	[0.31]	[0.30]	[0.29]	[0.25]
Child parity	0.315***	0.369***	0.091**	0.259**
	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.02]	[0.05]
R-squared adjusted	0.44	0.41	0.39	0.32
Dependent variable: low birth weight
Distance	0.020	0.015	0.008	0.000
	[0.16]	[0.21]	[0.26]	[0.46]
Mother’s age	0.186**	0.195**	0.199**	0.205**
	[0.04]	[0.05]	[0.04]	[0.03]
Mother’s education	− 0.852***	− 0.859***	− 0.883***	− 0.828***
	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]
Mother’s ethnicity/race	0.041	0.046	0.039	0.040
	[0.32]	[0.30]	[0.37]	[0.32]
Child parity	− 0.374***	− 0.188**	− 0.151**	− 0.132*
	[0.00]	[0.02]	[0.05]	[0.06]
R-squared adjusted	0.50	0.49	0.38	0.34
Dependent variable: health index
Distance	− 0.053***	− 0.058***	− 0.028	− 0.019
	[0.01]	[0.01]	[0.12]	[0.16]
Mother’s age	− 0.877***	− 0.714***	− 0.768***	− 0.586***
	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]
Mother’s education	0.884***	0.867***	0.852***	0.825***
	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.00]
Mother’s ethnicity/race	0.064	0.069	0.071	0.062
	[0.27]	[0.23]	[0.22]	[0.28]
Child parity	0.492***	0.416***	0.377***	0.162*
	[0.00]	[0.00]	[0.01]	[0.07]
R-squared adjusted	0.68	0.63	0.62	0.55

Figures in brackets denote p values. Standard errors are clustered on ZIP levels

***p ≤ 0.01

**p ≤ 0.05

*p ≤ 0.10