Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction according to serum calcium quartiles.
| Characteristics | Serum calcium concentration (mmol/l) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Q1 <2.21 |
Q2 2.21∼2.28 |
Q3 2.28∼2.36 |
Q4 >2.36 |
|||
| Number of patients | 645 | 648 | 648 | 653 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 61.0 (53.0∼69.0) | 61.0 (53.0∼68.0) | 60.0 (53.0∼67.0) | 59.0 (52.0∼66.0) | 0.226 | |
| Men (n, %) | 208 (32.2) | 193 (29.8) | 187 (28.9) | 233 (35.7) | 0.039 | |
| Current smoking (n, %) | 306 (47.4) | 321 (49.5) | 312 (48.1) | 319 (48.9) | 0.889 | |
| Current alcohol use (n, %) | 126 (19.5) | 119 (18.4) | 128 (19.8) | 139 (21.3) | 0.620 | |
|
| ||||||
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension (n, %) | 316 (49.0) | 346 (53.4) | 332 (51.2) | 336 (51.5) | 0.472 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 135 (20.9) | 131 (20.2) | 141 (21.8) | 163 (25.0) | 0.172 | |
| Stroke (n, %) | 88 (13.6) | 115 (17.7) | 91 (14.0) | 90 (13.8) | 0.113 | |
| CHD (n, %) | 93 (14.4) | 110 (17.0) | 100 (15.4) | 105 (16.1) | 0.637 | |
| Previous PCI (n, %) | 34 (5.3) | 48 (7.4) | 59 (9.1) | 46 (7.0) | 0.067 | |
|
| ||||||
| In-hospital complications | ||||||
| Acute heart failure (n, %) | 125 (19.4) | 111 (17.1) | 115 (17.7) | 90 (13.8) | 0.054 | |
| Acute arrhythmia (n, %) | 20 (3.1) | 18 (2.8) | 22 (3.4) | 5 (0.8) | 0.010 | |
| AV block (n, %) | 41 (6.4) | 43 (6.6) | 34 (5.2) | 34 (5.2) | 0.585 | |
|
| ||||||
| Medication on admission | ||||||
| ACEI/ARB (n, %) | 213 (33.0) | 234 (36.1) | 241 (37.2) | 245 (37.5) | 0.316 | |
| Beta-blocker (n, %) | 364 (56.4) | 381 (58.8) | 376 (58.0) | 390 (59.7) | 0.670 | |
| Aspirin (n, %) | 602 (93.3) | 611 (94.3) | 622 (96.0) | 627 (96.0) | 0.070 | |
| Statin (n, %) | 563 (92.0) | 576 (93.1) | 588 (93.3) | 604 (94.5) | 0.359 | |
|
| ||||||
| Main diagnosis | ||||||
| STEMI (n, %) | 385 (59.7) | 386 (59.6) | 359 (55.4) | 327 (50.1) | 0.001 | |
| NSTEMI/UA (n, %) | 260 (40.3) | 262 (40.4) | 289 (44.6) | 326 (49.9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Reperfusion strategy | ||||||
| Coronary angiography (n, %) | 495 (76.7) | 493 (76.1) | 479 (73.9) | 497 (76.1) | 0.657 | |
| PCI (n, %) | 476 (76.5) | 464 (74.2) | 441 (70.9) | 469 (73.6) | 0.160 | |
| Thrombolysis (n, %) | 35 (5.4) | 34 (5.2) | 35 (5.4) | 21 (3.2) | 0.178 | |
|
| ||||||
| Laboratory results | ||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/l) | 140.2 (125.9∼152.2) | 142.5 (130.6.∼154.5) | 144.0 (133.0∼155.2) | 144.7 (130.8∼156.8) | <0.001 | |
| Albumin (g/l) | 41.2 (41.2∼43.9) | 41.2 (40.2∼42.1) | 41.2 (39.8∼41.8) | 41.2 (39.2∼41.2) | <0.001 | |
| BUN (mmol/l) | 5.5 (4.4∼6.8) | 5.4 (4.4∼6.6) | 5.5 (4.4∼6.6) | 5.4 (4.4∼6.8) | 0.027 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 6.1 (5.2∼7.6) | 5.9 (5.1∼7.7) | 6.1 (5.2∼7.8) | 6.0 (5.1∼8.0) | 0.557 | |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 104.1 (87.9∼114.0) | 102.0 (86.5∼112.6) | 102.3 (88.2∼111.9) | 102.2 (85.1∼112.3) | 0.877 | |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 310.8 (255.2∼379.6) | 329.7 (265.2∼387.3) | 330.2 (274.8∼402.0) | 332.4 (277.0∼396.4) | 0.002 | |
| Serum phosphate (mmol/l) | 1.1 (1.0∼1.3) | 1.1 (1.0∼1.3) | 1.2 (1.0∼1.3) | 1.2 (1.1∼1.4) | 0.011 | |
| Serum magnesium (mmol/l) | 0.9 (0.8∼0.9) | 0.9 (0.8∼0.9) | 0.9 (0.8∼0.9) | 0.9 (0.8∼0.9) | <0.001 | |
| Serum potassium (mmol/l) | 4.1 (3.8∼4.3) | 4.1 (3.9∼4.4) | 4.2 (3.9∼4.5) | 4.2 (3.9∼4.5) | 0.220 | |
| Serum sodium (mmol/l) | 139.8 (136.8∼142.5) | 140.4 (137.8∼143.1) | 141.1 (138.7∼143.6) | 140.9 (138.4∼143.7) | <0.001 | |
| Serum chloride (mmol/l) | 102.9 (100.3∼105.4) | 103.3 (101.0∼105.5) | 103.0 (101.2∼105.2) | 102.7 (100.5∼105.0) | 0.037 | |
|
| ||||||
| Echocardiography results | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 55.0 (47.0∼60.0) | 54.0 (48.0∼60.0) | 55.0 (48.0∼60.0) | 56.0 (50.0∼64.0) | <0.001 | |
| LAD (mm) | 37.0 (34.0∼39.0) | 36.0 (34.0∼39.0) | 37.0 (35.0∼39.0) | 36.0 (34.0∼38.0) | <0.001 | |
| LVEDD (mm) | 50.0 (47.0∼53.0) | 49.0 (47.0∼53.0) | 50.0 (47.0∼53.0) | 49.0 (46.0∼52.0) | 0.014 | |
| IVST (mm) | 9.6 (9.0∼10.2) | 9.6 (9.0∼10.3) | 9.6 (9.0∼10.4) | 9.8 (9.0∼10.7) | 0.146 | |
| LVPW (mm) | 9.6 (9.0∼10.2) | 9.6 (9.0∼10.2) | 9.6 (9.0∼10.2) | 9.7 (9.0∼10.4) | 0.340 | |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHD, coronary heart disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IVST, interventricular septum thickness; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. ∗Data are expressed as the mean (standard deviation) for normally distributed data, the median (interquartile range) for nonnormally distributed data, and the percentage (%) for categorical variables.