Table 2.
Increased intestinal permeability in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases treated with anti-cytokine antibodies.
| Diseases | Intestinal permeability (IP) | Permeability marker | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBD | Patients with CD and UC including those under remission had increased IP as compared with healthy controls. | Cellobiose/rhamnose; lactulose/rhamnose; cellobiose/mannitol; lactulose/mannitol; sucrose; sucralose; 51Cr-EDTA; 99mtc-diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid; polyethylene glycol-400; iohexol | [110–127] |
| Children with CD had increased IP as compared with healthy children. | Lactulose/mannitol | [128] | |
| Increased IP was detected prior to the onset of CD in an individual with familial risk. | 51Cr-EDTA | [129] | |
| CD patients and their relatives had increased IP as compared with unrelated controls. | Polyethylene glycol-400 cellobiose/mannitol; lactulose/mannitol | [130] [131, 132] | |
| Higher IP was found in patients with CD and their spouses in comparison to controls. | Lactulose/mannitol | [133] | |
|
| |||
| Psoriasis | Patients with psoriasis had increased IP as compared with healthy controls. | 51Cr-EDTA | [134] |
|
| |||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Patients with juvenile chronic arthritis displayed increased IP as compared with healthy controls. | Lactulose/mannitol | [135] |
| A higher sucrose excretion but a normal lactulose/mannitol was found in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis as compared with controls. | Sucrose; lactulose/mannitol | [136] | |
| Patients with active rheumatoid arthritis had increased IP as compared with the control group. | Polyethylene glycol; 51Cr-EDTA | [137, 138] | |
| IP was found to be normal in untreated rheumatoid arthritis patients but abnormally increased in patients treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 51Cr-EDTA | [139] | |
| Patients with rheumatoid arthritis excreted less polyethylene glycol 400 and 1000 than healthy controls, whereas the excretion of polyethylene glycol 3000 was the same or greater than in healthy controls. | Polyethylene glycol 400, 1000, or 3000 | [140] | |
|
| |||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | Patients showed increased IP as compared to controls. | Polyethylene glycol; 51Cr-EDTA | [137, 141] |
| IP was found to be higher in patients and their relatives as compared to controls. | 51Cr-EDTA; lactulose; mannitol; sucrose | [142, 143] | |
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn's disease; UC: ulcerative colitis.