Table 1.
Baseline and change (week 0–week 12) characteristics in EXO, DEX, and DIO according to sex.
| EXO | DIO | DEX | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | p | Men | p | Women | p | Men | p | Women | p | Men | p | |
| N | 7 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 9 | ||||||
| Age | 35.6 ± 8.8 | 38.8 ± 5.4 | 34.6 ± 7.0 | 37 ± 5.9 | 38.3 ± 8.3 | 37.8 ± 6.8 | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||||||
| Week 0 | 99.4 ± 6.6 | 101.8 ± 11.0 | 106.5 ± 10.2 | 105 ± 5.9 | 101.9 ± 17.2 | 111.4 ± 12 | ||||||
| Week 12 | 96.0 ± 6.2 | 97.1 ± 9.3 | 95.9 ± 9.8 | 90.7 ± 6.2 | 90.5 ± 14.4 | 98.0 ± 10.0 | ||||||
| Change | 3.4 ± 2.2 | 0.006 | −4.7 ± 2.3 | ≤0.001 | −10.6 ± 2.8 | 0.012 | −14.3 ± 2.9 | ≤0.001 | −11.4 ± 5.2 | ≤0.001 | −13.3 ± 5.2 | ≤0.001 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| Week 0 | 35 ± 1.3 | 0.006 | 31.2 ± 2.9 | 37.2 ± 2.7 | 0.005 | 32.4 ± 2.4 | 35.1 ± 3.9 | 33.4 ± 2.1 | ||||
| Week 12 | 33.8 ± 1.3 | 29.8 ± 2.5 | 33.5 ± 2.6 | 28.0 ± 2.6 | 31.2 ± 2.9 | 29.5 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Change | −1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.005 | −1.4 ± 0.7 | ≤0.001 | −3.7 ± 1.0 | ≤0.001 | −4.4 ± 0.8 | ≤0.001 | −3.9 ± 1.7 | 0.003 | −4.0 ± 1.3 | ≤0.001 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Waist (cm) | ||||||||||||
| Week 0 | 105 ± 5.5 | 104.2 ± 6.5 | 107.1 ± 6.9 | 110.2 ± 6.2 | 106.7 ± 12.3 | 113.2 ± 5.4 | ||||||
| Week 12 | 99.0 ± 4.8 | 98.8 ± 7.0 | 97.1 ± 7.0 | 97.5 ± 8.5 | 95.5 ± 10.9 | 99.7 ± 7.5 | ||||||
| Change | −6.0 ± 3.5 | 0.04 | −5.4 ± 3.4 | 0.001 | −9.5 ± 3.6 | ≤0.001 | −12.7 ± 3.6 | ≤0.001 | −11.2 ± 5.3 | ≤0.001 | −13.6 ± 4.0 | ≤0.001 |
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| Glucose (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||
| Week 0 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | ||||||
| Week 12 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | ||||||
| Change | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.575 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.376 | −0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.004 | −0.2 ± 0.6∗ | 0.012 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.104 | −0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.122 |
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| Insulin (pg/l) | ||||||||||||
| Week 0 | 61.9 ± 36.1 | 56.8 ± 34 | 76.4 ± 27.8 | 83.9 ± 39.5 | 90 ± 40 | 85.5 ± 44.2 | ||||||
| Week 12 | 57.9 ± 38.8 | 52.8 ± 21.1 | 51.4 ± 22.0 | 61.6 ± 23.6 | 50.5 ± 25.9 | 64.4 ± 31.0 | ||||||
| Change | −3.9 ± 38.8 | 0.799 | −9.2 ± 29.6 | 0.410 | −25.1 ± 24.6 | 0.024 | −30.6 ± 21.2 | 0.032 | −39.5 ± 45.1 | 0.016 | −21.0 ± 47.7 | 0.222 |
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| HOMA | ||||||||||||
| Week 0 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| Week 12 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Change | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 0.878 | −0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.564 | −1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.012 | −1.2 ± 0.82 | 0.033 | −1.5 ± 1.7 | 0.017 | −0.8 ± 1.9 | 0.231 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; HOMA: homeostatic model assessment; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; p: p value. Paired-sample t-test was performed to test for significant change from baseline to week 12. Independent t-test was performed to test for sex difference. Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon rank test were used for nonparametric data.