Table 5. PERMANOVA on Manhattan distance between Visit 1 and Visit 2, according to socioeconomic status and antibiotic exposures for vaginal, oral, and gut body sites.

Body site/exposure	Univariatemodel		Multivariatemodel1		Multivariatemodel2
	R2	p-value	R2	p-value	R2	p-value
VAGINAL
Level of EducationA	0.011	0.28	0.011	0.29	0.011	0.29
Prenatal InsuranceB	0.014	0.13	0.014	0.15	0.014	0.15
Marital/CohabitingC	0.006	0.75	0.006	0.75	0.006	0.75
Antibiotics prior to Visit 1	0.010	0.37	0.010	0.37	N/A	N/A
Antibiotics between Visit 1 and 2	0.011	0.27	0.011	0.27	N/A	N/A
ORAL
Level of EducationA	0.013	0.14	0.013	0.16	0.013	0.14
Prenatal InsuranceB	0.018	0.01	0.018	0.01	0.018	0.009
Marital/CohabitingC	0.010	0.46	0010	0.45	0.010	0.44
Antibiotics prior to Visit 1	0.009	0.70	0.009	0.72	N/A	N/A
Antibiotics between Visit 1 and 2	0.009	0.65	0.009	0.64	N/A	N/A
GUT
Level of EducationA	0.014	0.57	0.014	0.54	0.014	0.53
Prenatal InsuranceB	0.025	0.01	0.025	0.009	0.025	0.01
Marital/CohabitingC	0.014	0.65	0.014	0.60	0.014	0.63
Antibiotics prior to Visit 1	0.016	0.34	0.016	0.35	N/A	N/A
Antibiotics between Visit 1 and 2	0.013	0.67	0.013	0.69	N/A	N/A

Notes.

¹Model controlling for age, any previous term birth, any previous preterm birth, weeks between sampling.

²Model controlling for age, any previous term birth, any previous preterm birth, weeks between sampling, and antibiotics.

^AEducation coded as 1 for high school or lower, 0 for some college or higher.

^BPrenatal insurance coded as 1 for Medicaid, 0 for Private.

^CMarital/Co-habiting coded as 1 for Single or Not cohabiting, 0 for Married or Cohabiting.

The bold styling indicates a p-value that is statistically significant at α < 0.05.