Table 2.
Risk factors for AMD in metformin users and nonusers.
| Predictive variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Metformin use (yes vs. no) | 0.52 (0.48–0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.54 (0.50–0.58) | <0.0001 |
| Age group, years | ||||
| <50 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 50–60 | 2.63 (2.30–3.00) | <0.0001 | 2.57 (2.25–2.94) | <0.0001 |
| 60–70 | 4.79 (4.22–5.45) | <0.0001 | 4.54 (3.99–5.18) | <0.0001 |
| ≥70 | 7.24 (6.37–8.23) | <0.0001 | 6.44 (5.63–7.38) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.004 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.47 |
| Hypertension | 1.64 (1.52–1.77) | <0.0001 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.0003 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 0.006 | 1.10 (1.02–1.17) | 0.008 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.41 (1.31–1.52) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) | 0.028 |
| Obesity | 1.49 (1.11–1.98) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (1.03–1.63) | 0.030 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 1.51 (1.37–1.67) | <0.0001 | 1.98 (1.78–2.20) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.19 (1.08–1.31) | 0.0004 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.36 |
| Insulin treatment | 1.16 (0.97–1.37) | 0.10 | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | 0.63 |
AMD: age-related macular degeneration; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval. In the multivariate analysis, all variables in the table are included for adjustment.