Table 3. miRs up- or down-regulated in epithelial cells of asthmatic subjects compared to healthy controls after virus infection (RV, RSV and IFV).

Virus type	miR	Regulation in asthmatics	Role/pathway/target	Reference
RV	miR-155	↑	Pathways: Akt, TGF-β, MAPK, STAT3, immune polarization, epithelial remodeling	69
	miR-128	↑	Pathways: apoptosis, cancer, inflammation	69
			Targets: BMI1, BAX
	miR-630	↑	-	69
	miR-302d-3p	↑	-	69
	miR-320e	↑	-	69
	miR-612	↑	-	69
	miR-23b	↑	Pathways: cancer, inflammation	28
			Targets: SPRY2
RSV	let-7c-5p	↓	Targets: HSP-70, p21	75
	miR-221	↓	Targets: HSP-70, p21	94
	miR-29a	↑	Target: IFNAR1	78
	miR-24	↓	Pathways: TGF-β, cell cycle arrest	79
	miR-29c	↓	Pathways: NF-κB signaling, Th1 polarization, proliferation of myeloid cells, dendritic cell maturation	95
	miR-27b	↓	-	95
	miR-155	↑	-	95
	let-7d	↑	-	95
	let-7b	↑	Pathways: NF-κB pathway	74
	let-7i	↑	-	74
	miR-30b	↑	-	74
	miR-198	↓	Targets: CCND1, DYRK2, ELF4, CCL7, SOCS3	77
	let-7f	↑	-	77
	miR-24	↑	-	77
	miR-339-5p	↑	-	73
	miR-45	↑	-	96
	miR-574	↑	-	96
	miR-744	↑	-	84,96
	miR-124a	↑	Role: down-regulates virus replication	84
	miR-542-5p	↑	Role: down-regulates virus replication	97
	miR-346	↑	Role: down-regulates virus replication	97
	miR-452	↑	Role: down-regulates virus replication	97
	miR-128a	↑	Role: down-regulates virus replication	97
IFV	miR-29c	↑	Pathways: NF-κB signalling, inflammation	60,63,98
			Targets: BCL2L2
	miR-146a	↑	Pathways: Toll-like receptor pathway, innate immune response, cytokine production and apoptosis	92
	miR-181c	↑	-	98
	miR-141	↑	Targets: CXCL12, TGFB2, CRLF3, IFNAR1	91
	miR-210	↑	-	91
	miR-324	↑	-	79
	miR-663	↑	-	79

RV, rhinovirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; IFV, influenza virus.