Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients with and Without Diabetes Complications
| Variable | No Complications | Any Complication | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 71 | 53 | --- |
| Age (years) | 32.0 ± 9.6 | 43.0 ±10.0 | <0.001 |
| Male gender (n, (%)) | 34 (48) | 34 (64) | NS |
| Disease duration (years) | 12.2 ± 8.3 | 18.3 ± 11.0 | 0.001* |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 165 ± 71 | 174 ± 75 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.0 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| GOT (UI/L) | 16 ± 5 | 20 ± 7 | 0.003 |
| GPT (UI/L) | 15 ± 6 | 21 ± 11 | 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 8.0 ± 1.2 | NS |
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 58 ± 8 | 64 ± 10 | NS |
| HSI | 34.0 ± 4.2 | 37.0 ± 5.5 | 0.001 |
| HSI > 36 (n, (%)) | 23 (32) | 26 (49) | 0.06 |
| Hypertension (n, (%)) | 5 (7) | 9 (16) | NS |
| Smokers (n (%)) | 13 (18) | 10 (18) | NS |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171 ± 32 | 175 ± 37 | NS |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 64 ± 17 | 59 ± 17 | NS |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 94 ± 27 | 99 ± 33 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 63 ± 33 | 86 ± 40 | 0.001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 0.01 |
| TDI (Unit/day) | 36 ± 16 | 42 ± 19 | NS |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min) | 117 ± 15 | 104 ± 15 | < 0.001 |
| Retinopathy (n, (%)) | --- | 33 (62) | N/A |
| Carotid Atherosclerosis (n, (%)) | --- | 19 (35) | N/A |
| Neuropathy (n, (%)) | --- | 20 (37) | N/A |
| Nephropathy (n, (%)) | --- | 3 (5) | N/A |
| IHD (n, (%)) | --- | 0 (0) | N/A |
Note: *Mann–Whitney test.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GOT, Glutamat Oxalacetat Transaminase; GPT, Glutamat Pyruvat Transaminase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HIS, hepatic steatosis index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IHD, ischemic heart disease; TDI, total daily insulin.