Table 1. Baseline and clinical characteristics of the patients.
| Year | 2014 (n=44,967) | 2016 (n=48,823) | p value | Effect size, d (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 65.3±11.6 | 65.7±11.6 | <0.001 | 0.033 (0.02, 0.046) | |
| Male | 31,590 (70.3) | 35,025 (71.7) | <0.001 | 0.04 (0.024, 0.055) | |
| DM | 16,139 (35.9) | 17,449 (35.8) | 0.628 | −0.004 (−0.018, 0.011) | |
| DM treatment | <0.001 | −0.251 (−0.293, −0.208) | |||
| None | 1,673 (10.4) | 1,193 (6.8) | |||
| Oral | 12,868 (79.7) | 14,906 (85.4) | −0.175 (−0.217, −0.133) | ||
| Insulin | 1,601 (9.9) | 1,350 (7.7) | |||
| Hypertension | 27,828 (61.9) | 28,853 (59.2) | <0.001 | −0.062 (−0.076, −0.047) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 17,823 (39.7) | 17,603 (36.1) | <0.001 | −0.085 (−0.099, −0.07) | |
| Family history of CAD | 2,518 (5.8) | 2,058 (4.3) | <0.001 | −0.167 (−0.2, −0.134) | |
| Prior MI | 4,132 (9.2) | 4,486 (9.2) | 0.971 | −0.001 (−0.025, 0.024) | |
| Prior PCI | 10,798 (24) | 11,207 (23) | <0.001 | −0.033 (−0.049, −0.016) | |
| Prior CABG | 598 (1.3) | 656 (1.3) | 0.88 | 0.006 (−0.056, 0.067) | |
| Renal failure | 0.005 | −0.017 (−0.046, 0.012) | |||
| No | 42,010 (93.6) | 45,579 (93.4) | |||
| CKD | 1,694 (3.8) | 1,756 (3.6) | |||
| ESRD | 1,134 (2.5) | 1,404 (2.9) | |||
| Kidney transplant | 49 (0.1) | 59 (0.1) | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3,943 (8.8) | 4,111 (8.4) | 0.051 | −0.025 (−0.05, 0.00) | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1,198 (2.7) | 1,145 (2.3) | 0.001 | −0.075 (−0.121, −0.03) | |
| Diagnosis | <0.001 | 0.055 (0.039, 0.071) | |||
| Silent ischemia | 1,553 (3.5) | 2,002 (4.1) | |||
| Stable angina | 10,166 (22.6) | 11,676 (23.9) | |||
| Unstable angina | 16,127 (35.9) | 16,484 (33.8) | |||
| NSTEMI | 8,839 (19.7) | 10,192 (20.9) | |||
| STEMI | 8,282 (18.4) | 8,469 (17.3) | |||
| Stable disease | 11,719 (26.1) | 13,678 (28.0) | - | - | |
| ACS | 33,248 (73.9) | 35,145 (72.0) | - | - | |
| Cardiogenic shock | 1,395 (3.1) | 1,533 (3.1) | 0.771 | 0.006 (−0.034, 0.047) | |
| Cardiac arrest | 1,034 (2.3) | 1,240 (2.5) | 0.019 | 0.056 (0.01, 0.102) | |
| Beta blockers | 13,146 (53.3) | 10,217 (53.2) | 0.828 | −0.002 (−0.023, 0.018) | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 8,999 (36.5) | 8,645 (45.0) | <0.001 | 0.195 (0.174, 0.216) | |
| Long-acting nitrates | 4,339 (17.6) | 3,278 (17.1) | 0.152 | −0.02 (−0.048, 0.007) | |
| Nicorandil | 5,934 (24.1) | 4,256 (22.2) | <0.001 | −0.059 (−0.084, −0.034) | |
| Trimetazidine | 3,745 (15.2) | 3,581 (18.6) | <0.001 | 0.136 (0.108, 0.164) | |
| Pre-PCI LVEF measurement | 30,383 (67.6) | 34,310 (70.3) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.054, 0.085) | |
| LVEF | 57.2±12.2 | 56.5±12.0 | <0.001 | 0.062 (0.047, 0.078) | |
| Treadmill test | <0.001 | 0.044 (−0.011, 0.098) | |||
| Not done | 40,779 (90.7) | 45,199 (92.6) | |||
| Negative | 1,216 (2.7) | 994 (2) | |||
| Positive | 2,972 (6.6) | 2,630 (5.4) | |||
| Stress echo | <0.001 | 0.086 (−0.04, 0.212) | |||
| Not done | 44,451 (98.9) | 48,124 (98.6) | |||
| Negative | 245 (0.5) | 305 (0.6) | |||
| Positive | 271 (0.6) | 394 (0.8) | |||
| SPECT | <0.001 | −0.144 (−0.246, −0.041) | |||
| Not done | 43,410 (96.5) | 47,324 (96.9) | |||
| Negative | 250 (0.6) | 298 (0.6) | |||
| Positive | 1,307 (2.9) | 1,201 (2.5) | |||
| Stress MRI | 0.785 | −0.109 (−0.424, 0.206) | |||
| Not done | 44,866 (99.8) | 48,711 (99.8) | |||
| Negative | 65 (0.1) | 77 (0.2) | |||
| Positive | 36 (0.1) | 35 (0.1) | |||
| Non-invasive stress test | 5,947 (13.2) | 5,403 (11.1) | <0.001 | −0.112 (−0.134, −0.09) | |
| Cardiac CTA | 6,164 (13.7) | 5,407 (11.1) | <0.001 | −0.134 (−0.156, −0.113) | |
| Cardiac CTA result | <0.001 | - | |||
| No disease | 149 (2.4) | 147 (2.7) | |||
| 1 vessel disease | 2,632 (42.7) | 2,498 (46.2) | |||
| 2 vessel disease | 1,855 (30.1) | 1,593 (29.5) | |||
| 3 vessel disease | 1,457 (23.6) | 1,068 (19.8) | |||
| Undetermined | 71 (1.2) | 101 (1.9) | |||
ACS = acute coronary syndrome; CABG = coronary artery bypass surgery; CAD = coronary artery disease; CI = confidence interval; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CTA = computed tomography angiography; CTO = chronic total occlusion; DM = diabetes mellitus; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; LVEF = left ventricle ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; SPECT = single-photon emission computed tomography; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction.